The New Rules of Combat Fire Engagement:

• How do You Measure Your Effectiveness on the Fireground?
• What are Your Rules of Engagement Based upon?
• Are Your Operations SOP Driven? Are they Aggressive or Measured?
• What is Employed in your Size-up?
• How is Risk Assessed, Monitored, Adjusted?
• Do Company Officers Manage Tactical Objectives?
• Is Tactical Entertainment a Fundamental Part of OPS?
• Occupancy Type driven Strategies?
• Successes Drive Tactical Assignments?
• Fire Suppression a Function of Hose Bed Capacity?
• Staffing Equal to Strategic Formulas and Task Demands?
  

  Random Thoughts

Through this project, the Fire Research Division at NIST is developing a computer based fire fighting training tool to improve training opportunities while lowering the cost and risk of death and injury. Two methods are being used to create a training tool. The first and simpler method is to use FDS and Smokeview to create animations of fire scenarios. These animations will be viewable in a standard DVD player. The DVD menus will be used to walk a fire fighter through a series of decisions. The second method is more interactive, and allows the trainee to “walk” through an FDS generated fire scene, using Smokeview, observing and making decisions.

WHAT ARE FDS AND SMOKEVIEW?

FDS is a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of fire-driven fluid flow. The software solves numerically a form of the Navier-Stokes equations appropriate for low-speed, thermally-driven flow with an emphasis on smoke and heat transport from fires. Smokeview is a visualization program that is used to display the results of an FDS simulation. FDS and Smokeview are available for downloading at:  http://fire.nist.gov/fds/ 

NIST FDS and Smokeview will be used as a basis for developing a virtual reality based fire fighting training tool. As a fire simulation unfolds, a series of natural break point will be encountered where the trainee will be asked questions such as: Should the window be opened? Should the door be closed? Should the hose stream be opened? The simulation will continue based on the answers provided. These questions will be designed to teach the trainee about tactics relevant to fire fighting such as the effect ventilation on fire spread. Since FDS cannot yet perform calculations in real time, simulations will be pre-computed for all possible question outcomes. Smokeview will be enhanced to be able to “jump” from one scenario to another according to the trainee’s responses.

To do this, the Fire Research Division will take the results from countless live-fire experiments, then use the data from these experiments to simulate and visualize typical fire fighter training scenarios using fire modeling and visualization software (FDS and Smokeview), in order to create effective fire fighter training tools. This will all take place in three major phases:

• Phase 1 – Create illustrations and animations using FDS and Smokeview illustrating basic fire and smoke flow behavior encountered when fire fighting.

    
Door Closed                        Door Open   

    
Door Closed, Roof Vented       Door Open, Roof Vented  

• Phase 2 – Create computerized training environments illustrating various venting strategies and suppression effectiveness for several building types (townhouse, ranch house, training tower)

• Phase 3 – Allow the trainee to interact with the training environments created in Phase 2.

WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?

Arguably, the most effective method for teaching fire fighters how to do their job is through live training evolutions. This, however, is expensive and particularly dangerous for the trainee. In particular, some fire situations that must be trained for are too large and dangerous to recreate in a training setting involving real fires. Environmental concerns are limiting the amount and kind of live fire training available in many areas of the country. Methods are then needed to allow fire fighters to gain valuable experience using virtual reality techniques already applied in other fields so that they may learn without the possibility of harming themselves or others.

For more information, view the full description of the Computer-Based Fire Fighter Training Project underway at NIST.

REPORTS

• Fatal Training Fires: Fire Analysis for the Fire Service
• A Technical Guide for Smokeview Version 5

From NIST FIRE.gov:  http://www.nist.gov/fire/training.cfm

Wind blowing into the broken window of a room on fire can turn a “routine room and contents fire” into a floor-to-ceiling firestorm. Historically, this has led to a significant number of firefighter fatalities and injuries, particularly in high-rise buildings where the fire must be fought from the interior of the structure.

Wind-Driven Fire in a Ranch-Style House in Texas, 2009

On April 12, 2009, a fire in a one-story ranch home in Texas claimed the lives of two fire fighters. (NIOSH REPORT HERE) Sustained high winds occurred during the incident. The winds caused a rapid change in the dynamics of the fire after the failure of a large section of glass in the rear of the house.

Wind Driven Fire in Home, Texas, 2009. Aerial view of damage to the structure. Photo credit: Houston Fire Department.

NIST performed computer simulations of the fire using the Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) and Smokeview, a visualization tool, to provide insight on the fire development and thermal conditions that may have existed in the residence during the fire.

The FDS simulation that best represents the witnessed fire conditions indicates that the fire that spread throughout the attic and first floor developed a wind driven flow with temperatures in excess of 260 °C (500 °F) between the den and front door. The critical event in this fire was the creation of a wind-driven flow path between the upwind side of the structure and the exit point on the downwind side of the structure, the front door. The flow path was created by the failure of a large span of windows in the den, in the rear of the structure. Floor-to-ceiling temperatures rapidly increased in the flow path where multiple crews were performing interior operations. In a simulation that excluded wind, the flow path was not created, and the thermal environment surrounding the location of interior operations was improved.

Still image from FDS simulation. Temperatures at 1.5 m (5 ft) above the floor throughout the house 10 s after solarium failure. Image credit: NIST.

Wind has been recognized as a contributing factor to fire spread in wildland fires and large-area conflagrations and wildland fire fighters are trained to account for the wind in their tactics. While structural fire departments have recognized the impact of wind on fires, in general, the standard operating guidelines for structural fire fighting have not changed to address the hazards created by a wind driven fire inside a structure. The results of the “no-wind” and “wind” fire simulations demonstrate how wind conditions can rapidly change the thermal environment from tenable to untenable for fire fighters working in a single-story residential structure fire.

The simulation results emphasize the importance of including wind conditions in the scene size-up before beginning and while performing fire fighting operations and adjusting tactics based on the wind conditions. These results are in agreement with NIST studies conducted to examine wind driven fire conditions in high-rise structures.

LESSONS LEARNED

Based on the analysis of this fire incident and results from previous studies, adjusting fire fighting tactics to account for wind conditions in structural fire fighting is critical to enhancing the safety and the effectiveness of fire fighters. Previous studies demonstrated that applying water from the exterior, into the upwind side of the structure can have a significant impact on controlling the fire prior to beginning interior operations. It should be made clear that in a wind-driven fire, it is most important to use the wind to your advantage and attack the fire from the upwind side of the structure, especially if the upwind side is the burned side. Interior operations need to be aware of potentially rapidly changing conditions.

See full report, Simulation of the Dynamics of a Wind-Driven Fire in a Ranch-Style House – Texas (NIST TN 1729, January 2012)

F2009-11

Apr 12, 2009

Career probationary fire fighter and captain die as a result of rapid fire progression in a wind-driven residential structure fire – Texas

PDF

Career Probationary Fire Fighter and Captain Die as a Result of Rapid Fire Progression in a Wind-Driven Residential Structure Fire – Texas

SUMMARY

Shortly after midnight on Sunday, April 12, 2009, a 30-year old male career probationary fire fighter and a 50-year old male career captain were killed when they were trapped by rapid fire progression in a wind-driven residential structure fire. The victims were members of the first arriving company and initiated fast attack offensive interior operations through the front entrance. Less than six minutes after arriving on-scene, the victims became disoriented as high winds pushed the rapidly growing fire through the den and living room areas where interior crews were operating. Seven other fire fighters were driven from the structure but the two victims were unable to escape. Rescue operations were immediately initiated but had to be suspended as conditions deteriorated. The victims were located and removed from the structure approximately 40 minutes after they arrived on location.

Key contributing factors identified in this investigation include: an inadequate size-up prior to committing to tactical operations; lack of understanding of fire behavior and fire dynamics; fire in a void space burning in a ventilation controlled regime; high winds; uncoordinated tactical operations, in particular fire control and tactical ventilation; failure to protect the means of egress with a backup hose line; inadequate fireground communications; and failure to react appropriately to deteriorating conditions.

NIOSH investigators concluded that, to minimize the risk of similar occurrences, fire departments should:

• ensure that an adequate initial size-up and risk assessment of the incident scene is conducted before beginning interior fire fighting operations
• ensure that fire fighters and officers have a sound understanding of fire behavior and the ability to recognize indicators of fire development and the potential for extreme fire behavior (such as smoke color, velocity, density, visible fire, heat)
• ensure that fire fighters are trained to recognize the potential impact of windy conditions on fire behavior and implement appropriate tactics to mitigate the potential hazards of wind-driven fire
• ensure that fire fighters understand the influence of ventilation on fire behavior and effectively apply ventilation and fire control tactics in a coordinated manner
• ensure that fire fighters and officers understand the capabilities and limitations of thermal imaging cameras (TIC) and that a TIC is used as part of the size-up process
• ensure that fire fighters are trained to check for fire in overhead voids upon entry and as charged hoselines are advanced
• develop, implement and enforce a detailed Mayday Doctrine to insure that fire fighters can effectively declare a Mayday
• ensure fire fighters are trained in fireground survival procedures
• ensure all fire fighters on the fire ground are equipped with radios capable of communicating with the Incident Commander and Dispatch

Additionally, research and standard setting organizations should:

• conduct research to more fully characterize the thermal performance of self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) facepiece lens materials and other personal protective equipment (PPE) components to ensure SCBA and PPE provide an appropriate level of protection.
• Although there is no evidence that the following recommendation could have specifically prevented the fatalities, NIOSH investigators recommend that fire departments:
• ensure that all fire fighters recognize the capabilities and limitations of their personal protective equipment when operating in high temperature environments.

Remembering Brackenridge, Pennsylvania December 20, 1991: Four Firefighters Killed, Trapped by Floor Collapse

Four volunteer firefighters died when they were trapped by a partial floor collapse during a structure fire in Brackenridge, Pennsylvania, on the morning of December 20, 1991. All four were members of a mutual aid truck company that had responded to the early morning incident and were assigned to prevent fire extension from the basement to the ground floor of a 2-story building.

Although they were wearing full protective clothing and using self-contained breathing apparatus, it appears that they were overwhelmed by the severe fire conditions that erupted when a section of the ground floor collapsed into the basement.

The collapse cut off their primary escape path, and the fire burned through their hose line, leaving them without protection from the flames.  

SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES

• Situation: Fire in enclosed room in basement. Unable to locate fire because of smoke. Smoke and heat increasing, but no visible fire.
• Structure: Appeared to be heavy concrete construction. Actually thin concrete floors supported by unprotected steel.
• Contents: Furniture refinishing business. Quantities of flammable finishes and solvents in basement.
• Exits: One entrance/ exit on each level; no alternate exits.
• Structural Collapse: Floor section collapsed between interior crew and their only exit. Fire overwhelmed crew.
• Rescue Attempts: Valiant rescue efforts proved unsuccessful. Unsure if missing members fell into basement or were trapped on ground floor.
• Incident Command: No formal command system or personnel accountability in place. Chief of first-due company in command of incident; Assistant Chiefs assigned to basement and ground floor.
• Information: No pre-fire plan and no detailed knowledge of occupancy. Clues of structural danger not recognized as fire conditions increased
• Communications: Radio system inadequate for current needs.
• Response: Independent volunteer companies. Mutual aid requested on arrival and additional companies called in succession.
• Weather: Extremely cold night, predawn hours. Problems with frozen hydrants.
• Water System: Weak supply. Extensive mutual aid and long relays needed to protect exposures.

The analysis of this incident provides several valuable lessons for the fire service. Unfortunately these are all revisited lessons, not new discoveries. These firefighters died in the line of duty, while conducting operations that appeared to be routine, and were unaware of the situation that was developing below them. They died in spite of the fact that they were experienced, they were operating with a standard approach to operational safety, and they were the object of repeated rescue attempts by highly capable comrades.

There are several factors that could have provided warning or changed the outcome of this situation. Like most accidents, this situation was the result of a number of problems that came together under the worst possible circumstances. Firefighting obviously involves inherent dangers that must be accepted by its practitioners. The important messages for the fire service are to identify risk factors in advance of an incident and to develop mechanisms to react appropriately when critical situations present themselves.

This situation bears distinct similarities to other incidents that have claimed the lives of several firefighters in the past. The lessons that must be derived from this incident are not a condemnation of the actions or judgment of anyone who was involved in the situation; they simply identify information that can help to prevent this type of accident from occurring in the future.

• USFA Report; HERE
• NFPA Summary; HERE
• NFPA Report Order; HERE 
• Issues related to recent trends in floor collapse incidents, HERE

Buffalo Box 191

As Buffalo (NY) firefighters arrived at the scene of a reported propane leak in a three-story radiator warehouse (Type III Ordinary and Type IV Heavy Timber construction), a massive explosion occurred, killing five firefighters instantly and injuring nine others, three of them critically.

The force of the blast blew BFD Ladder 5′s tiller aerial 35 feet across the street into the front yard of a dwelling. BFD Engine 1′s pumper was also blown across the street with the captain and driver pinned in the cab with burning debris all around them. Engine 32′s engine was blown up against a warehouse across a side street and covered with rubble.

Previously posted on Thecompanyofficer.com HERE

• Remember to think about occupancy risk and not occupancy type and the factors related to the occupancy usage and the nature of the call. Nothing is ever routine.
• WKBW.com Cached video clip, HERE
• Buffalo, NY Propane Gas Explosion, Dec 1983, HERE
• Propane blast death affects son of fireman, HERE and HERE
• PROPANE EXPLOSION 25th  ANNIVERSARY IN BUFFALO,NEW YORK, HERE
• New York Times, HERE and HERE
• Rememberance, HERE and History Repeating Events, HERE
• Insights from Mike Lombardo, HERE
• http://www.wivb.com/dpp/news/buffalo/Firefighters-remember-North-Division-Street-explosion

The Chicago Fire Department: Everyone Goes Home

NFFF News Release: In an effort to make personal safety a top priority, the National Fallen Firefighters Foundation (NFFF) and the Chicago Fire Department (CFD) today released a new video, Chicago Fire Department – Everyone Goes Home®. Members of the CFD and families of fallen firefighters share their stories in this compelling and moving testimonial of the importance of adhering to safety standards and accepting personal responsibility for following procedures.

Chicago Fire Commissioner Robert Hoff was impressed by a video that the NFFF and the Fire Department of New York produced several years earlier to educate members about the importance of training and safety standards. The FDNY leadership had noticed behavioral improvement among its members following the release of their video. Hoff felt that the members of the CFD could benefit from hearing first-hand accounts of the lessons learned by their colleagues and invited the NFFF to collaborate on a video for Chicago.

“The culture of firefighting requires us to do everything we can to make sound decisions so we can be in a position to help the people we serve when they most need it,” said Ronald J. Siarnicki, executive director of the NFFF. “With this video the firefighters and leadership of the Chicago Fire Department are clearly showing the rest of the fire service you can still be a firefighter and at the same time do your best to make sure Everyone Goes Home®.”

Direct Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vODww1qwSuE

The National Fallen Firefighters Foundation (NFFF) and the Chicago Fire Department (CFD) released a new safety video, Chicago Fire Department – Everyone Goes Home®, to help raise awareness of personal safety in the fire service. Nearly two dozen members of the CFD and survivors of fallen firefighters share their stories. See the video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vODww1qwSuE

Four years after nine firefighters died battling Sofa Super Store fire, a report details an eerily similar set of breakdowns in a March blaze.

Firefighters rush into a burning commercial building with too-small hoses and insufficient water. The commander can’t reach them because the captain forgot his radio. Backup crews aren’t sure where to go or what to do. Confusion reigns as the building’s truss roof collapses in an explosion of flames.

This reads like the playbook from the deadly Sofa Super Store fire in June 2007, but it’s not. These dangerous missteps occurred at a March 1 blaze on Daniel Island, according to an internal report obtained by The Post and Courier.

They occurred despite nearly four years of intensive and expensive efforts to instill a culture of safety in the Charleston Fire Department.

What’s more, the commander in charge that day — a man repeatedly faulted in the in-house review of the blaze — was recently promoted to a top position in the department. And that’s causing some dissension in the ranks.

City fire officials stand behind their promotion of Troy Williams to battalion chief, and they said the portion of the draft report that leaked to the newspaper is incomplete, unfair, unofficial and riddled with inaccuracies.

Fire Chief Thomas Carr acknowledged problems at the fire, which gutted a two-story office building at 899 Island Park Drive. That’s why he authorized a six-member committee of firefighters to conduct what’s known as a critical incident review. But Carr said he rejected the resulting draft report when it landed on his desk six weeks ago because it had errors and failed to live up to its intended purpose, which is to be an educational tool, not an instrument for blame.

The 12-page portion obtained by the The Post Courier newspaper describes “major” violations of policy and assigns blame for those mistakes. It raises questions about the handling of the blaze, the effectiveness of the training firefighters have received and the integrity of the promotion process.

It also highlights the continuing conflict between the department’s hard-charging past and its new, risk-sensitive methods.

• For the Complete Full version Article: The Post and Courier HERE
• SConfire HERE
• Draft Fire Report-Read more: Fire report

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A I B I C I D I E I F I G I H I I-J I K I L I M I N I O I P I Q I R I S I T I U I V I W I Y I Z

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Allegheny County Courthouse, by Henry Hobson Richardson, at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1883 to 1888.
Allen Art Museum Addition, by Robert Venturi, at Oberlin, Ohio, 1973 to 1976.
Allewelt House, by William Turnbull/ MLTW, at near Madera, California, 1977.
Altes Museum, by Karl Friedrich Schinkel, at Berlin, Germany, 1823 to 1830.
American Academy in Rome, by McKim, Mead, and White, at Rome, Italy, 1913.
Ames Free Library, by Henry Hobson Richardson, at North Easton, Massachusetts, 1877 to 1879.
Ames Gate Lodge, by Henry Hobson Richardson, at North Easton, Massachusetts, 1881.
Amsterdam Orphanage, by Aldo van Eyck, at Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1960 to 1961.
Angkor Wat, by unknown, at Cambodia, Southeast Asia, 1140.
Anker Building, by Otto Wagner, at Vienna, Austria, 1895.
Annaglee, by Richard Castle, at Cootehill, County Cavan, Ireland, 1740 to 1770.
Annenberg Library, by Shepley and Bulfinch, at Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, 1980 ‘s.
Appenzell Farm, by traditional, at Canton Appenzell, Switzerland, farm, farmhouse.
Arab Tent, vernacular, at Middle Eastern Deserts, nomadic house.
Arch of Constantine, by unknown, at Rome, Italy, 315.
Arch of Severus, by unknown, at Rome, Italy, 205.
Arch of Titus, by unknown, at Rome, Italy, 81.
Art & Architecture Building, by Paul Rudolph, at New Haven, Connecticut, 1959 to 1963.
Asian Games Village, by Raj Rewal, at New Delhi, India, 1980 to 1982.
Athenian Treasury, by unknown, at Delphi, Greece, -510.
Auditorium Building, by Louis H. Sullivan, at Chicago, Illinois, 1886 to 1890.
Austin Hall, by Henry Hobson Richardson, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1881 to 1884.
Azuma House, by Tadao Ando, at Osaka, Japan, 1976.

Top — A I B I C I D I E I F I G I H I I-J I K I L I M I N I O I P I Q I R I S I T I U I V I W I Y I Z

Babson House, by Louis H. Sullivan, at Riverside, Illinois, 1907.
Baker Dormitory, by Alvar Aalto, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1947 to 1948.
Ball-Eastaway House – Artists’ House in N. Sydney, by Glenn Murcutt, at North Sydney, Australia, 1982 to 1983.
Baltimore-Ohio Railroad Depots, by Frank Furness, at Chester & Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1886.
Banca Popolare di Verona, by Carlo Scarpa, at Verona, Italy, 1973.
Bank of China Tower, by I. M. Pei, at Hong Kong, 1982 to 1990.
Banqueting House, by Inigo Jones, at Whitehall, London, England, 1619 to 1622.
Barcelona Pavilion, by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, at Barcelona, Spain, built 1928-1929, demolished 1930.
Bateson Building, by Sim van der Ryn, at Sacramento, California, 1977.
Baths at Ostia, by unknown, at Ostia, Italy, circa 150.
Bauhaus, by Walter Gropius, at Dessau, Germany, 1919 to 1925.
Bavinger House, by Bruce Goff, at Norman, Oklahoma, 1950 to 1955.
Bawa House, by Geoffrey Bawa, at Sri Lanka, 1958 to 1968.
Bedford Park, by Richard Norman Shaw, at Bedford Park, London, England, 1875 and onward.
Behrens House, by Peter Behrens, at Darmstadt, Germany, 1901.
Beijing National Stadium, by Herzog and de Meuron, at Beijing, China, 2008.
Beinecke Rare Book Library, by Gordon Bunshaft/ SOM, at New Haven, Connecticut, 1963.
Berlin Philharmonic Hall, by Hans Scharoun, at Berlin, Germany, 1956 to 1963.
Bibliotheque Ste. Genevieve, by Henri Labrouste, at Paris, France, 1843 designed, built 1845 to 1851.
Bibliotheca Alexandrina, by Snohetta, at Shatby, Egypt, 1989 to 2001.
Biltmore House, by Richard Morris Hunt, at Asheville, North Carolina, 1888 to 1895.
Bibliotheque Nationale, by Etienne-Louis Boullee, at Paris, France, 1785.
Bloemenwerf House, by Henry van de Velde, at Uccle, near Brussels, Belgium, 1895 to 1896.
Boke House, by Bernard Maybeck, at Berkeley, California, 1902.
Boomer Residence, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Phoenix, Arizona, 1953.
Boston City Hall, by Kallman, McKinnell and Knowles, at Boston, Massachusetts, 1963 to 1968.
Boston Public Library, by McKim, Mead, and White, at Boston, Massachusetts, 1887 to 1895.
Bradbury Building, by George H. Wyman, at Los Angeles, California, 1889 to 1893.
Brant House, by Robert Venturi, at Greenwich, Connecticut, 1973.
Breslau Office Building, by Hans Poelzig, at Breslau, Germany, 1911 to 1912.
Breuer House I, by Marcel Breuer, at New Canaan, Connecticut, 1948.
Breuer House II, by Marcel Breuer, at Lincoln, Massachusetts, 1939.
Brion-Vega Cemetery, by Carlo Scarpa, at San Vito d’Altivole, Italy, 1970 to 1972.
Brooklyn Bridge, by John Augustus Roebling, at Brooklyn, New York, 1869 to 1883.
Brooklyn Children’s Museum, by Hardy-Holzman-Pfeiffer, at Brooklyn, New York, 1977.
Broward County Library, by Robert Gatje, at Fort Lauderdale, Florida, 1980 to 1984.
Brownstone House, vernacular, at New York, New York, late 1800′s.
Burns House, by Charles Moore, at Santa Monica Canyon, California, 1974.
Burroughs Company, by Albert Kahn, at Detroit, Michigan, 1904.
Butler House, by William Wurster, at Pasatiempo, California, 1931 to 1936.
Byker Redevelopment, by Ralph Erskine, at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, UK, 1973 to 1978.

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Campo Volantin Footbridge, by Santiago Calatrava, at Bilbao, Spain, 1990 to 1998.
Capitol at Williamsburg, by unknown, at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1701 to 1715.
Carpenter Center, by Le Corbusier, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1961 to 1964.
Cary House, by Joseph Esherick, at Mill Valley, California, 1960.
Casa Antonio Galvez, by Luis Barragan, at San Angel, Mexico, 1954.
Casa Batllo, by Antonio Gaudi, at Barcelona, Spain, 1905 to 1907.
Casa del Fascio, by Giuseppi Terragni, at Como, Italy, 1936.
Casa Luis Barragan, by Luis Barragan, at Tacubaya, Mexico, 1947.
Casa Mila, by Antonio Gaudi, at Barcelona, Spain, 1905 to 1910.
Case Study House No. 21, by Pierre Koenig, at Los Angeles, California, 1956 to 1958.
Case Study House No. 22, by Pierre Koenig, at Los Angeles, California, 1960.
Castel Beranger, by Hector Guimard, at Paris, France, 1890 (circa).
Castle del Monte, by unknown, at Apulia, Italy, 1240 to 1250.
Cathedral in Burlington, by Edward Larabee Barnes, at Burlington, Vermont, 1978.
Cathedral of Pisa, by unknown, at Pisa, Italy, 1063 to 1350.
Cathedral of St. Basil, by Barma and Posnik, at Moscow, Russia, 1554.
Central Beheer, by Hermann Hertzberger, at Apeldoorn, The Netherlands, 1967 to 1972.
Central Lutheran Church, by Pietro Belluschi, at Portland, Oregon, 1950 to 1951.
Central Railroad Station, by John Dobson, at Newcastle-on-Tyne, England, 1846 to 1855.
Centre Le Corbusier, by Le Corbusier, at Zurich, Switzerland, 1963 to 1967.
Centre Pompidou, by Rogers and Piano, at Paris, France, 1972 to 1976.
Chaitya-Hall at Karli, by unknown, at Karli, India, -150.
Chamberlain Cottage, by Marcel Breuer, at Wayland, Massachusetts, 1940.
Chancellery Palace, by unknown, at Rome, Italy, 1483 to 1517.
Chandler House, by Bruce Price, at Tuxedo Park, New York, 1885 to 1886.
Charleston Single House, vernacular, at Charleston, South Carolina, 1800 to 1900.
Chartres Cathedral, by unknown, at Chartres, France, 1194 to 1260.
Chase Manhattan Bank, by Gordon Bunshaft/ SOM, at New York, New York, 1961.
Chateau de Chambord, by Domenico da Cortona, at Chambord, France, 1519 to 1547.
Chateau de Chenonceaux, by unknown, at Chenonceaux, France, 1515 to 1576.
Chateau de Fontainebleau, by unknown, at Fontainebleau, France, circa 1550.
Chateau de Versailles, at Versailles, France, 1661 to 1774.
Cathedral of San Salvador.
Chek Lap Kok Airport, by Norman Foster, at Hong Kong, China, 1998.
Chermayeff House, by Serge Chermayeff, at near Halland, Sussex, England, 1935 to 1938.
Chick House, by Bernard Maybeck, at Berkeley, California, 1913.
Chinese Courtyard House, vernacular, at China, house.
Chinese Junk, by Traditional, at China, houseboat.
Chinli Kiosk, by unknown, at Istanbul, Turkey, 1473.
Chiswick House, by Lord Burlington, at Chiswick, England, 1729.
Christ Church, by Nicholas Hawksmoor, at Spitalfields, London, England, 1715 to 1729.
Christian Science Center, by I. M. Pei, at Boston, Massachusetts, 1968 to 1974.
Chrysler Building, by William Van Allen, at New York, New York, 1928 to 1930.
Church at Bagsvaerdi, by Jorn Utzon, at near Copenhagen, Denmark, 1974 to 1976.
Church in Hyvinkaa, by Aarno Ruusuvuori, at Hyvinkaa, Finland, 1959 to 1961.
Church of San Spirito, by Filippo Brunelleschi, at Florence, Italy, 1434 to 1482.
Church of St Francis, by Oscar Niemeyer, at Pampulha, Brazil, 1943.
Circus at Bath, by John Wood, at Bath, England, 1754.
Citicorp Center, by Hugh Stubbins, at New York, New York, 1976 to 1978.
City of Timgad, by unknown, at Algeria, 100.
Cliff Dwelling, vernacular, at Mesa Verde, Colorado, multifamily housing.
Clifton Suspension Bridge, by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, at Bristol, England, 1836 to 1864.
CN Tower, by John Andrews, at Toronto, Canada, 1976.
Coalbrookdale Bridge, by T. M. Pritchard, at Coalbrookdale, England, 1777 to 1779.
Coffee House on the Bosporus, by Sedad Eldem, at Istanbul, Turkey, 1948.
College Life Insurance Co., by Roche-Dinkeloo, at Indianapolis, Indiana, 1967 to 1971.
Colmorgan House, by Bruce Goff, at Glenview, Illinois, 1937.
Colonia Guell, by Antonio Gaudi, at near Barcelona, Spain, 1898, 1908 to 1915.
Commodities Exchange, by Henrik Petrus Berlage, at Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1897 to 1909.
Continental Train Platform, by Nicholas Grimshaw and Partners, at Waterloo Station, London, England, 1993.
Convent of La Tourette, by Le Corbusier, at Eveux-sur-Arbresle, near Lyon, France, 1957 to 1960.
Coonley House, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Riverside, Illinois, 1908.
Cooper Residence, by Gwathmey-Siegel, at Orleans, Massachusetts, 1968 to 1969.
Cowles House, by Edward Larabee Barnes, at Wayzata, Minnesota, 1960 (circa).
Crane Library, by Henry Hobson Richardson, at Quincy, Massachusetts, 1880 to 1883.
Crooks House, by Michael Graves, at Fort Wayne, Indiana, 1976.
Crow Island School, by Eliel Saarinen, at Winnetka, Illinois, 1939 to 1940.
Crown Hall, by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, at Chicago, Illinois, 1950 to 1956.
Crystal Palace, by Joseph Paxton, at London, England (then Sydenham), 1851, moved 1852, burnt 1936.
Curitiba Tube Stations, by unknown, at Curitiba, Paran‡, Brazil, 1990s.

Top — A I B I C I D I E I F I G I H I I-J I K I L I M I N I O I P I Q I R I S I T I U I V I W I Y I Z

D. D. Martin House, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Buffalo, New York, 1904.
D. L. James House, by Greene and Greene, at Carmel Highlands, California, 1918.
Daal en Berg Houses, by Jan Wils, at Den Haag, The Netherlands, 1920.
Daily News Building, by Raymond Hood, at New York, New York, 1930 (circa).
Danish Vernacular House, vernacular, at Denmark, house.
Danville Meeting House, by unknown, at Danville, New Hampshire, 1760.
Davis House, by Howard Davis, at Eugene, Oregon, 1990.
De La Warr Pavilion, by Erich Mendelsohn and Serge Chermayeff, at Bexhill-on-Sea, East Sussex, England, UK, 1935.
Deal Castle, by unknown, at Kent, England, 1540.
Deere West Office Building, by Roche-Dinkeloo, at Moline, Illinois, 1975 to 1976.
Design Research Headquarters, by Benjamin Thompson, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1970 (circa).
Diamond Ranch High School, by Thom Mayne – Morphosis, at Diamond Bar, near Pomona, California, 1999 to 2000.
Dipoli Conference Center, by Reima Pietilia, at 1966, conference center.
Dogtrot House, vernacular, at southeastern U.S., 1800 ‘s to 1900 ‘s.
Doge’s Palace, by unknown, at Venice, Italy, 1309 to 1424.
Dogon Village, by traditional, at Mali, Africa, 0 to 1990.
Dolmen of Bisceglie, by unknown, at near Bari, Italy, -1200 to -1000.
Dominus Winery, by Herzog and de Meuron, at Yountville, California, 1996 to 1998.
Dome of the Rock, by unknown, at Jerusalem, Israel, 684.
Domus Aurea, by Severus and Celer, at Rome, Italy, A.D. 64.
Douglas House, by Richard Meier, at Harbor Springs, Michigan, 1973.
Dover Castle, by unknown, at Dover, England, 1180.
Drayton Hall, by unknown, at near Charleston, South Carolina, 1738 to 1742.
Ducal Palace, by Luciano Laurana, at Urbino, Italy, 1468.
Dulles Airport, by Eero Saarinen, at Chantilly, Virginia, 1958 to 1962.
Dulwich Gallery, by Sir John Soane, at London, England, 1811 to 1814.
Dunleith, by unknown, at Natchez, Mississippi, 1856.
Dunsmuir Flats, by Gregory Ain, at Los Angeles, California, 1937.
Durham Cathedral, by unknown, at Durham, England, 1093 to 1280.
Dymaxion House, by R. Buckminster Fuller, at Wichita, Kansas, 1945 to 1946.   at ArchitectureWeek

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Eames House, by Charles Eames, at Pacific Palisades, California, 1945 to 1949.
East Harlem Pre-School, by Hammel, Grenn & Abrahamson, at New York, New York, 1970.
East Wing, National Gallery, by I. M. Pei, at Washington, D.C., 1974 to 1978.
Easton Neston, by Nicholas Hawksmoor, at Northamptonshire, England, 1695 to 1710.
Ecological Center Project, by Nicholas Grimshaw and Partners, at St. Austell, Cornwall, England, 1996.
Eiffel Tower, by Gustave Eiffel, at Paris, France, 1887 to 1889.
Einsiedeln Abbey, by Kaspar Moosbrugger, at Einsiedeln, Switzerland, 1719 to 1735.
Einstein Tower, by Erich Mendelsohn, at near Potsdam, Germany, 1919 to 1921.
Eishin School, by Christopher Alexander, at Tokyo, Japan, 1985.
El Pueblo Ribera Court, by Rudolf N. Schindler, at La Jolla, California, 1923.
Elphinstone Tower, by unknown, at near Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 1440.
Empire State Building, by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon, at New York, New York, 1931.
Enerplex, North Building, by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, at Princeton, New Jersey, 1982.
Engineering Building, by James Stirling, at Leicester University, Leicester, England, 1959.
Ennis House, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Los Angeles, California, 1923.
Enso-Gutzeit Headquarters, by Alvar Aalto, at Helsinki, Finland, 1959 to 1962.
Equitable Building, by Pietro Belluschi, at Portland, Oregon, 1944 to 1948.
Erdman Hall Dormitories, by Louis I. Kahn, at Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, 1960 to 1965.
Erectheion, by Mnesicles, at Athens, Greece, -421 to -405.
Esherick House, by Louis I. Kahn, at Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania, 1959 to 1961.
Joe Esherick House, by Joseph Esherick, at Kentfield, California, 1950.
Eugene City Hall, by Stafford, Morin, and Longwood, at Eugene, Oregon, 1964.
Everson Museum of Art, by I. M. Pei, at Syracuse, New York, 1968.
Exeter Library, by Louis I. Kahn, at Exeter, New Hampshire, 1967 to 1972.
Exhibition Building, Turin, by Pier Luigi Nervi, at Turin, Italy, 1948 to 1949.
Experience Music Project, by Frank Gehry, at Seattle, Washington, 1999 to 2000.

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F. L. Higginson House, by Henry Hobson Richardson, at Boston, Massachusetts, 1881 to 1883.
Fagus Works, by Walter Gropius, at Alfred an der Leine, Germany, 1911 to 1913.
Fairbanks House, vernacular, at Dedham, Massachusetts, 1750 (circa).
Fallingwater, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Ohiopyle, (Bear Run), Pennsylvania, 1934, 1938, 1948.
Faneuil Hall, by John Smibert, 1762, and Charles Bulfinch, 1805, at Boston, Massachusetts, 1762 to 1805.
Faneuil Hall Marketplace, by Benjamin Thompson, at Boston, Massachusetts, 1971 to 1976.
Farnese Palace, by Antonio da Sangallo, at Rome, Italy, 1534.
Farnsworth House, by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, at Plano, Illinois, 1946 to 1950.
Fatehpur Sikri, by unknown, at India, 1571 to 1585.
Festival, by Tadao Ando, at Naha Okinawa, Japan, 1984.
Finnish Pavilion, Paris 1937, by Alvar Aalto, at Paris, France, 1935 to 1937.
Finnish Pavilion, New York 1939, by Alvar Aalto, at New York, New York, 1939.
Fire Island House, by Arthur C. Erickson, at Fire Island, New York, 1977.
First Christian Church, by Eliel Saarinen, at Columbus, Indiana, 1940.
First Church of Christ, by Bernard Maybeck, at Berkeley, California, 1910.
First Unitarian Church, by Louis I. Kahn, at Rochester, New York, 1959 to 1967.
First Wisconsin Plaza, by Bruce Graham/ SOM, at Madison, Wisconsin, 1974.
Flatiron Building, by Daniel Burnham, at New York, New York, 1902.
Flats at Bremen, by Alvar Aalto, at Neue Vahr district, Bremen, Germany, 1958 to 1962.
Flats at Hansaviertel, by Alvar Aalto, at Hansaviertel, Berlin, Germany, 1955 to 1957.
Flats at Lucerne, by Alvar Aalto, at Lucerne, or Luzern, Switzerland, 1965 to 1968.
Page Fleet Road Terrace Housing, by Neave Brown , at London, England, UK, 1967.
Florence Cathedral, by Arnolfo di Cambio, at Florence, Italy, 1296 to 1462.
Food Theater Cafe, by Daniel Libeskind, at London, England, 2001.
Fontenay Abbey, by unknown, at Burgundy, France, 1139.
Fontevrault Abbey, by unknown, at Anjou, France, 1115.
Fonthill, by Henry Mercer, at Doylestown, Pennsylvania, 1908 to 1910.
Ford Foundation Building, by Roche-Dinkeloo, at New York, New York, 1963 to 1968.
Fort Shannon, by unknown, at Glin, County Limerick, Ireland, 1800 to 1835.
Fourth Temple of Hera, by Rhoikos of Samos, at Samos, Greece, -575 to -550.
Frank House, Breuer, by Marcel Breuer, at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1939.
Frank House, Eisenman, by Peter Eisenman, at Washington, Connecticut, 1975.
Free University, by Giancarlo de Carlo, at Urbino, Italy, 1980 (circa).
Free University of the Environment, by Domingos Bongestabs, at Curitiba, Paran, Brazil, 1992.
Freeway Park, by Lawrence Halprin, at Seattle, Washington, 1972 to 1976.
Freising Library, by unknown, at Freising, Oberbayern, Germany, 1732 to 1738.
Fuji Broadcasting Center, by Kenzo Tange, at Tokyo, Japan, circa 1990.

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Galde House, vernacular, at Indonesia, house.
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele, by Giuseppe Mengoni, at Milan, Italy, 1861 designed, built 1865 to 1877.
Gamble House, by Greene and Greene, at Pasadena, California, 1909.
Gandhi Labor Institute, by Balkrishna Doshi, at Ahmedabad, Gujarat State, India, 1980 to 1984.
Gap Inc. Offices, by William McDonough, at San Bruno, 1994 to 1997.
Garden Grove Church. the “Crystal Cathedral”, by Johnson/Burgee, at Garden Grove, Los Angeles, California, 1978 to 1980.
Garfield School, by Joseph Esherick, at San Francisco, California, 1981.
Gateway Arch, by Eero Saarinen, at St. Louis, Missouri, 1961 to 1966.
Gehry House, by Frank Gehry, at Santa Monica, California, 1978.
Geller House, by Marcel Breuer, at Lawrence, Long Island, New York, 1945.
German Pavilion, Expo ’67, by Frei Otto, at Montreal, Canada, 1967.
Glasgow School of Art, by Charles Rennie Mackintosh, at Glasgow, Scotland, 1897 to 1909.
Glessner House, by Henry Hobson Richardson, at Chicago, Illinois, 1885 to 1887.
Globe Theater, architect unknown, at Southwark, London, England, UK, 1613 to 1614.
Glyndebourne Opera House, by Michael Hopkins and Partners, at England, 1994.
Goetheanum I, by Rudolf Steiner, at Dornach, near Basel, Switzerland, 1913 to 1920.
Golden Gate Bridge, by Joseph B. Strauss, at San Francisco, Califonia, 1933 to 1937
Gordon Wu Hall, by Robert Venturi, at Princeton, New Jersey, 1983.
Gorman Residence, by Julian and Barbara Neski, at Amagansett, New York, 1968.
Graham House, by Arthur C. Erickson, at West Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1963.
Great Mosque, by unknown, at Kairawan, Tunisia, 820 to 836.
Great Mosque of Damascus, by unknown, at Damascus, Syria, 706 to 715.
Great Pyramid, by unknown, at El Giza, Egypt, -2600 to -2480.
Great Stupa at Sanchi, by unknown, at central India, -200 to 200.
Great Wall of China, by unknown, at China, -214.
Greenwich Hospital, by Sir Christopher Wren, at Greenwich, England (near London), 1675 ?.
Gregory Farmhouse, by William Wurster, at Santa Cruz, California, 1926 to 1927.
Gropius House, by Walter Gropius, at Lincoln, Massachusetts, 1937.
Guggenheim Museum, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at New York, New York, 1956 to 1959.
Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, by Frank Gehry, at Bilbao, Spain, 1997.
Gund Hall, by John Andrews, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1968 to 1972.
Gunma Museum of Fine Arts, by Arata Isozaki, at Takasaki, Japan, 1971 to 1974.

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H. Lange House, by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, at Krefeld, Germany, 1928.
Haas Haus, by Hans Hollein, at Vienna, Austria, 1987 to 1990.
Habitat ’67, by Moshe Safdie, at Montreal, Canada, 1967.
Hadrian’s Summertime Theater, by unknown, at Tivoli, Italy, 125 to 135.
Hadrian’s Villa, by unknown, at Tivoli, Italy, ~ 120.
Hagia Sophia, by Isidoros and Anthemios, at Istanbul, Turkey, 532 to 537.
Haj Terminal, by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 1972 (circa).
Hajima City Hall, by Junzo Sakakura, at Hajima, Japan, 1959.
Hale House, by Craig Ellwood, at Beverly Hills, California, 1949.
Hallidie Building, by Willis Polk, at San Francisco, California, 1918.
Hamar Bispegaard Museum, by Sverre Fehn, at Hamar, Norway, 1969 to 1973.
Hancock Place, by I. M. Pei, at Boston, Massachusetts, 1977.
Hanna Residence, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Palo Alto, California, 1936.
Hanselmann House, by Michael Graves, at Fort Wayne, Indiana, 1967.
Harvard Graduate Center, by Walter Gropius, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1950.
Hatshepsut’s Temple, by Senenmut, at Deir el-Bahri, Egypt, -1550.
Healy Guest House, by Ralph Twitchell, at Siesta Key, Sarasota, Florida, 1948 to 1949.
Heathcote, by Edwin Lutyens, at Ilkley, Yorkshire, England, 1906.
Helsingborg Library, by Arton, at Helsingborg, Sweden, 1965.
Helsinki Library, by Carl Ludvig Engel, at Helsinki, Finland, 1840.
Hertfordshire Schools, by Hertfordshire County, at Hertfordshire, England, 1945 to 1960.
Het Scheep, by Michael de Klerk, at Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1917 to 1921.
Hill House, by Charles Rennie Mackintosh, at Helensburgh, Scotland, 1902 to 1903.
High Museum of Art, by Richard Meier, at Atlanta, Georgia, 1983.
Himeji Castle, by unknown, at Donjon, Himeji City, Japan, 1601 to 1614.
Hines House, by William Turnbull, at Sea Ranch, California, 1967.
Hiroshima Peace Center, by Kenzo Tange, at Hiroshima, Japan, 1949 to 1956.
Hirshhorn Museum, by Gordon Bunshaft/ SOM, at Washington, D.C., 1974.
History Faculty Library, by James Stirling, at Cambridge University, England, 1968 (1964?).
Homewood, by Edwin Lutyens, at Knebworth, Hertfordshire, England, 1901.
Hongkong and Shanghai Bank, by Norman Foster, at Hong Kong, 1979 to 1986.
Hood Museum of Art, by Charles Moore, at Hanover, New Hampshire, 1981 to 1983.
Horatio West Court, by Irving Gill, at Santa Monica, California, 1919.
Horta House, by Victor Horta, at Brussels, Belgium, 1898.
Horyu-Ji Temple, by unknown, at Nara, Japan, 607.
Hotel Camino Real, by Ricardo Legoretta, at Cancun, Mexico, 1973 to 1975.
Hotel Guimard, by Hector Guimard, at Paris, France, 1912.
Hotel Il Palazzo, by Aldo Rossi, at Fukuoka, Japan, 1987.
Hotel de Beauvais, by Antoine le Pautre, at Paris, France, 1656.
Hotel du Departement, by Alsop and Stormer, at Marseille, France, 1994.
Hotel Solvay, by Victor Horta, at Brussels, Belgium, 1895 to 1900.
Hotel van Eetvelde, by Victor Horta, at Brussels, Belgium, 1895 to 1898.
House at Kentwoodlands, by Joseph Esherick, at Kentwoodlands, California, 1957.
House at Ur, by unknown, at Mesopotamia, -2000.
House at Weissenhof, by Le Corbusier, at Stuttgart, Germany, 1927.
House of the Faun.
House in Tuckers Town, by Robert Venturi, at Tucker Town, Bermuda, 1975.
House near Besancon, by Claude Nicholas Ledoux, at Besancon, France, 1775 to 1779.
House of Culture, by Alvar Aalto, at Helsinki, Finland, 1955 to 1958.
House of Menander, by unknown, at Pompeii, Italy, -300.
Houses in Mexicali, by Christopher Alexander, at Mexicali, Mexico, 1975 to 1976.
Housing in Camden, by Nicholas Grimshaw, at London, England, UK, 1989.
Hubertus House, by Aldo van Eyck, at Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1959 ?.
Hunting Baths, by unknown, at Leptis Magna, Libya, ~200.
Hunting Lodge, by Karl Friedrich Schinkel, at Antonin, Germany, 1822.
Hvittrask, by Eliel Saarinen, at outside Helsinki, Finland, 1902.
Hysolar Research Building, by GŸnter Behnisch, at Stuttgart, Germany, 1986 to 1987.

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I House, vernacular, at United States, 1800 to 1900.
I. G. Farben Offices, by Peter Behrens, at Frankfurt, Germany, 1920 to 1925.
Ibibio Village, by traditional, at Cameroon, Africa, 0 to 1990.
Ichinomiya Rowhouses, by Kenzo Tange, at Ichinomiya, Japan, 1961.
Igloo, by vernacular, at Arctic.
Il Teatro del Mondo, by Aldo Rossi, at Venice, Italy, 1979.
Imperial Hotel, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Tokyo, Japan, 1916 to 1922.
Imperial Palace, Kyoto, by unknown, at Kyoto, Japan, 750 to 1855.
Imperial Villa Katsura, by Kobori Enshu, at Kyoto, Japan, 1620 (circa).
INMOS Factory, by Richard Rogers, at Newport, South Wales, 1980 to 1982.
Institute of Public Administration, by Louis I. Kahn, at Ahmedabad, India, 1963.
Iron Bridge at Coalbrookdale, by T. M. Pritchard, at Coalbrookdale, England, 1777 to 1779.
Isaac Bell House, by McKim, Mead, and White, at Newport, Rhode Island, 1881 to 1883.
Ise Shrine, by traditional, at Ise, Japan, 690 to current.
Ishtar Gate, by unknown, at Babylon, -604 to -562.

J. Ford House, by Marcel Breuer, at Lincoln, Massachusetts, 1939.
Jacobs House, Madison, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Madison, Wisconsin, 1936.
Jacobs House, Middleton, the Solar Hemicycle, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Middleton, Wisconsin, 1944.
James Swan House, by Charles Bulfinch, at Dorchester, Massacusetts, 1796.
Jantar Mantar, by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II, at Jaipur, India, 1726 to 1734.
Javits Convention Center, by I. M. Pei, at New York, New York, 1979 to 1986.
Joe Esherick House, by Joseph Esherick, at Kentfield, California, 1950.
John Deere and Company, by Eero Saarinen, at Moline, Illinois, 1963.
John Hancock Center, by Bruce Graham/ SOM, at Chicago, Illinois, 1970.
Johnson House, by Philip Johnson, at New Caanan, Connecticut, 1949.
Johnson Museum of Art, by I. M. Pei, at Ithaca, New York, 1973
Johnson Wax Building, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Racine, Wisconsin, 1936 to 1939.

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Kailasa Temple, by unknown, at Ellora, Maharashtra, India, 750.
Kanchanjunga Apts, by Charles Correa, at Bombay, India, 1970 to 1983.
Kandariya Temple, by unknown, at Khajuraho, India, 1030.
Kansai Airport Terminal, by Renzo Piano, at Osaka, Japan, 1994.
Karl Marx Hof, by Karl Ehn, at Vienna, Austria, 1930.
Karlskirche, by Johann Fisher von Erlach, at Vienna, Austria, 1715 to 1737.
Karuizawa House, by Kisho Kurokawa, at Karuizawa, Japan, 1974.
Kaufmann Desert House, by Richard Neutra, at Palm Springs, California, 1946.
Keble College, by William Butterfield, at Oxford, England, UK, 1867 to 1883.
Kemper Arena, by Helmut Jahn, at Kansas City, Missouri, 1974.
Khuner Villa, by Adolf Loos, at on the Kreuzberg, Payerback, Austria, 1930.
Kiefhook Housing estate, by J. J. P. Oud, at Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 1930.
Kimbell Museum, by Louis I. Kahn, at Fort Worth, Texas, 1967 to 1972.
King’s Road House, by R.M. Schindler, at West Hollywood, California, 1921 to 1922.
King’s College Chapel, by unknown, at Cambridge, England, 1446 to 1515.
Kingo Houses, by Jorn Utzon, at Elsinore, Denmark, 1956.
Kinkaku, by Yoshimitsu, at Kyoto, Japan, 1397.
Knights of Columbus Building, by Roche-Dinkeloo, at New Haven, Connecticut, 1965 to 1969.
Krak des Chevaliers, by unknown, at Syria, 1150 to 1250.
Kresge Auditorium, by Eero Saarinen, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1950 to 1955.
Kresge College, by Moore and Turnbull/ MLTW, at Santa Cruz, California, 1972 to 1974.
Kurashiki City Hall, by Kenzo Tange, at Kurashiki, Japan, 1960.

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L’Institut du Monde Arabe, by Jean Nouvel, at Paris, France, 1987 to 1988.
La Grande Arche, by Johann Otto von Spreckelsen, at Paris, France, 1982 to 1990.
la Sainte-Chapelle, by unknown, at Paris, France, 1238 to 1244.
Lake Point Tower, Schipporeit & Heinrich from Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, at Chicago, Illinois, 1968.
Lake Shore Drive Apartments, by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, at Chicago, Illinois, 1948 to 1951.
Landerbank, by Otto Wagner, at Vienna, Austria, 1883 to 1884.
Lang Music Building, by Romaldo Giurgola, at Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, 1973.
Larkin Building, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Buffalo, New York, 1904, demolished 1950.
Laurentian Library, by Michelangelo, at Florence, Italy, 1525.
Lavenham Houses, by unknown, at Lavenham, Suffolk, England, 1400 ‘s.
Lawrence House, by Moore and Turnbull/ MLTW, at Sea Ranch, California, 1966.
Le Parisien Offices, by G. P. Chedanne, at Paris, France, 1903.
Le Petit Trianon, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, at Versailles, France, 1762 to 1768.
Leaning Tower of Pisa, by unknown, at Pisa, Italy, 1063 to 1350.
Lever House, by Gordon Bunshaft/ SOM, at New York, New York, 1950 to 1952.
Library at Ephesus, by unknown, at Ephesus, Turkey, 117 to 120.
Library at Wiblingen, by Christian Wiedemann, at Ulm, Wurttemberg, Germany, 1744.
Library of St. Walburga, by unknown, at Zutphen, The Netherlands, 1561 to 1564.
Lingaraj Temple, by unknown, at Bhubaneswar, India, 1000.
Lion Gate, by unknown, at Mycenae, Greece, -1250.
Lister County Courthouse, by Erik Gunnar Asplund, at Solvesborg, Sweden, 1917 to 1921.
Little Moreton Hall, by unknown, at Cheshire, England, ~ 1550.
Livermore House, by Julia Morgan, at San Francisco, California, 1917.
Lloyds Building, by Richard Rogers, at London, England, 1979 to 1984.
London City Hall, by Norman Foster, at London, England, 2003.
London Terraced House, vernacular, at London, England, 1600 ‘s to 1900.
Los Manantiales, by Felix Candela, at Xochimilco, Mexico, 1958.
Louisiana Superdome, by Curtis & Davis and Associated Architects, at New Orleans, Louisiana, 1970 to 1975.
Lovejoy Fountain Plaza, by Lawrence Halprin, at Portland, Oregon, 1966.
Lovell House, by Richard Neutra, at Los Angeles, California, 1928.
Low Library, by McKim, Mead and White, at Columbia University, New York, New York, 1903.

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M F Stoughton House, by Henry Hobson Richardson, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1882 to 1883.
Maasai Houses, by traditional, at Kenya, Africa, 0 to 1990.
Machu Picchu, by unknown, at near Cuzco, Peru, through 1500.
Magasin au Bon Marche, by L. A. Boileau and Gustave Eiffel, at Paris, France, 1876.
Maison Carree, by unknown, at Nimes, Provence, France, -16.
Maison de Verre, by Bijvoet and Chareau, at Paris, France, 1927 to 1932.
Maisons Jaoul, by Le Corbusier, at Neuilly-sur-Seine, Paris, France, 1954 to 1956.
Majolica House, by Otto Wagner, at Vienna, Austria, 1898 to 1899.
Manufacturer’s Trust Co., by Gordon Bunshaft/ SOM, at New York, New York, 1954.
Maria Konigin, by Dominikus Bohm, at Cologne-Marienburg, Germany, 1954.
Marin Civic Center, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at San Rafael, California, 1957.
Marina City, by Bertrand Goldberg, at Chicago, Illinois, 1959 to 1964.
Markets of Trajan, by Apollodorus of Damascus, at Rome, Italy, 100 to 112.
Marshall Field Store, by Henry Hobson Richardson, at Chicago, Illinois, 1885 to 1887.
Massachusetts State House, by Charles Bulfinch, at Boston, Massachusetts, 1795 to 1797.
Matmeta Houses, vernacular, at Tunisia, house.
Mausoleum of Augustus, by unknown, at Rome, Italy, -25.
Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, by unknown, at Ravenna, Italy, 420.
Mausoleum of Hadrian, by unknown, at Rome, Italy, 135.
Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, by unknown, at Ravenna, Italy, 420.
Maybeck Studio, by Bernard Maybeck, at Berkeley, California, 1924.
McCormick Place, by C. F. Murphy Associates, at Chicago, Illinois, 1968 to 1971.
McGraw-Hill Building, by Raymond Hood, at New York, New York, 1930.
McMinnville Public Library, by Ernst Kroner, at McMinnville, Oregon, 1912.
Medical Faculty Housing, by Lucien Kroll, at Louvain, or Leuven, Belgium, 1970 to 1976.
Melnikov House, by Konstantin Melnikov, at Moscow, Russia, 1927.
Menil Collection, by Renzo Piano, at Houston, Texas, 1980 ‘s.
Mercer Museum, by Henry Mercer, at Doylestown, Pennsylvania, 1914.
Millau Viaduct, by Norman Foster, at Millau, France, 2004.
Millenium Dome, by Richard Rogers, at London, England, 1999.
Miulea House, vernacular, at Japan, house.
Moissac Abbey, by unknown, at Tarn-et-Garonne, France, circa 650 to 850.
MOCA, by Arata Isozaki, at Los Angeles, California, 1981 to 1986.
Monadnock Building, by Burnham and Root, at Chicago, Illinois, 1889 to 1891.
Mont S. Michel, by unknown, at Mont S. Michel, France, 1203 and late
Monterey Aquarium, by EHDD, at Monterey, California, 1980 (circa).
Monticello, by Thomas Jefferson, at Charlottesville, Virginia, 1768 to 1782.
Moore House, by Charles Moore, at Orinda, California, 1962.
Morgan Library, by McKim, Mead, and White, at New York, New York, 1906.
Moser House, by Josef Hoffmann, at Vienna, Austria, 1901 to 1903.
Mosque at Djerba, by Unknown, at Djerba, Tunisia, temple.
Mosque of Al Mutawakkil, by unknown, at Samarra, Iraq, 847 to 851.
Mosque of Sultan Ahmed, by Sedefkar Mehmed Aga, at Istanbul, Turkey, 1610 to 1616.
Mount Angel Library, by Alvar Aalto, at Mount Angel, Oregon, 1970.
Mount Vernon, by Lawrence Washington, at Mount Vernon, Virginia, 1743, remodeled 1754 to circa 1780.
Mrs. G. M. Millard House, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Pasadena, California, 1923.
Mug House, vernacular, at Mesa Verde, Colorado, housing complex.
Multnomah County Public Library, by A. E. Doyle, at Portland, Oregon, 1913.
Munkegaards School, by Arne Jacobsen, at Copenhagen, Denmark, 1952 to 1956.
Musee d’Orsay, by Gae Aulenti, at Paris, France, 1980 to 1987.
Museo di Castelvecchio, by Carlo Scarpa, at Verona, Italy, 1954 to 1967.
Museo Oscar Neimeyer, by Oscar Neimeyer, at Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, 2002.
Museum at Ahmedabad, by Le Corbusier, at Ahmedabad, India, 1953 to 1957.
Museum of Fruit, by Itsuko Hasegawa, at Yamanashi, Japan, 1996.
Museum of Decorative Arts, by Richard Meier, at Frankfurt, Germany, 1981 to 1984.
Museum of Modern Art, by Philip S. Goodwin and Edward D. Stone, at New York, New York, 1938 to 39.
Museum of Natural History, by Alfred Waterhouse, at London, England, 1860 to 1880.

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N. Bentz House, by Greene and Greene, at Santa Barbara, California, 1911.
National Center for Atmospheric Research, by I. M. Pei, at Boulder, Colorado, 1961 to 1967.
Nashdom, by Edwin Lutyens, at Taplow, Buckinghamshire, England, 1905 to 1909.
Nathaniel Russell House, by unknown, at Charleston, South Carolina, 1809.
National Assembly in Dacca, by Louis I. Kahn, at Dacca, Bangladesh, 1962 to 1974.
National Building Museum, by Montgomery C. Meigs, at Washington D.C., circa 1885.
National Commercial Bank HQ, by Gordon Bunshaft/ SOM, at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 1981 to 1983.
National Farmers’ Bank, by Louis H. Sullivan, at Owatonna, Minnesota, 1907 to 1908.
National Gallery of Canada, by Moshe Safdie, at Ottawa, Canada, 1986 to 1988.
National Pensions Building, by Alvar Aalto, at Helsinki, Finland, competition 1949, built 1952.
Nebraska State Capitol, by Bertram Goodhue, at Lincoln, Nebraska, 1924.
Netherlands Dance Theatre, by Rem Koolhaas, at The Hague, Netherlands, 1988.
Neue Staatsgalerie, by James Stirling, at Stuttgart, Germany, 1977 to 1983.
Neuschwanstein Castle, by unknown, at Neuschwanstein, Germany, 1869.
New England Aquarium, by Cambridge Seven Associates, at Boston, Massachusetts, 1962.
New Gourna, by Hassan Fathy, at Near Luxor, Egypt, 1948.
New Lutheran Church, by Adrien Dortsman, at Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1668.
New National Gallery, by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, at Berlin, Germany, 1962 to 1968.
New York Herald Building, by McKim, Mead, and White, at New York, New York, 1894.
New York Public Library, by Carrere and Hastings, at New York, New York, 1897 to 1911.
New York Racquet Club, by McKim, Mead, and White, at New York, New York, 1916 to 1919.
Newport Casino, by McKim, Mead, and White, at Newport, Rhode Island, 1879 to 1880.
Nichinan Cultural Center, by Kenzo Tange, at Nichinan, Japan, 1963.
Norman Fisher House, by Louis I. Kahn, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1960.
North Carolina State Capitol, by Town and Davis, at Raleigh, North Carolina, 1833 to 1840.
North Christian Church, by Eero Saarinen, at Columbus, Indiana, 1959 to 1963.
Norwegian Farmhouse, vernacular, in Norway, date unknown.
Norwegian Stave Church, vernacular, at Oslo, Norway, church.
Norwegian Storehouse, vernacular, at Norway, 1200 to 1900.
Notre Dame Cathedral, by Maurice de Sully, at Paris, France, 1163 to 1250.
Notre Dame du Raincy, by Auguste Perret, at Raincy, France, 1922.
Notre Dame du Haut, by Le Corbusier, at Ronchamp, France, 1955.

Top — A I B I C I D I E I F I G I H I I-J I K I L I M I N I O I P I Q I R I S I T I U I V I W I Y I Z

Oak Alley, by unknown, at Vacherie, Louisiana, 1836 to 1839.
Oakland Museum, by Roche-Dinkeloo, at Oakland, California, 1961 to 1968.
Office Extension in Vienna, by Coop Himmelblau, at Vienna, Austria, 1988 to 1989.
Offices, Finsbury Avenue, by Arup Associates, at London, England, 1982 to 1984.
Oklahoma Theater Center, by John M. Johansen, at Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 1965 to 1970.
Olavinlinna Castle, by unknown, at Savonlinna, Finland, 1562.
Old North Church, by William Price, at Boston, Massachusetts, 1723.
Old Town of Bern, by collective, at Bern, Switzerland, 1400 onward.
Olympic Arena, by Kenzo Tange, at Tokyo, Japan, 1961 to 1964.
Olympic Games Tent, by Günter Behnisch, at Munich, Germany, 1972.
Ópera de Arame, by Domingos Bongestabs, at Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, 1992.
Orivesi Church, by Hekki Siren, at Orivesi, Finland, 1961.
Orvieto Cathedral, by Arnolfo di Cambio, at Orvieto, Italy, 1290 to 1500.
Ospedale Degli Innocenti, by Filippo Brunelleschi, at Florence, Italy, 1424 to 1445.
Osterlars Church, by unknown, at Bornholm Island, Denmark, c1100.
Otaniemi Technical University, by Alvar Aalto, at Otaniemi, Finland, 1949 competition, completed 1964.
Otaniemi Technical University Chapel, by Heikki and Kaija Siren, at Otaniemi, Finland, 1957.
Otaniemi Technical University Library, by Alvar Aalto, at Otaniemi, Finland, 1964 to 1969.
Ouarzazate, by traditional, at Morocco, Africa, town.
Ozenfant House & Studio, by Le Corbusier, at Paris, France, 1922.

Top — A I B I C I D I E I F I G I H I I-J I K I L I M I N I O I P I Q I R I S I T I U I V I W I Y I Z

P. Lovell House, by Rudolf N. Schindler, at Newport Beach, California, 1926.
Paddington Station, by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, at London, England, UK, 1852 to 1854.
PA Technology Center, by Richard Rogers, at Princeton, New Jersey, 1982.
PA Technology Center UK, by Richard Rogers, at Hertfordshire, England, 1975 to 1983.
PSFS Building, by Howe and Lescaze, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1929 to 1932.
Paimio Sanatorium, by Alvar Aalto, at Paimio, Finland, 1929 to 1933.
Palace at Knossos, by unknown, at Knossos, Crete, -1700 to -1400.
Palace of Assembly, by Le Corbusier, at Chandigarh, India, 1953 to 1963.
Palace of Charles V, by Pedro Machuca, at Granada, Spain, 1527 to 1568.
Palais de Justice, by unknown, at Rouen, France, circa 1470.
Palazzo Chiericati, by Andrea Palladio, at Vicenza, Italy, 1550 to 1580.
Palazzo del Lavoro, by Pier Luigi Nervi, at Turin, Italy, 1959 to 1961.
Palazzo del Te, by Giulio Romano, at Mantua, Italy, 1526 to 1534.
Palazzo Massimo, by Baldassare Peruzzi, at Rome, Italy, 1527 to 1536.
Palazzo Strozzi, by Benedetto da Maiano, at Florence, Italy, 1489 to 1539.
Palazzo Thiene, by Andrea Palladio, at Vicenza, Italy, 1545.
Paley Park, by Zion & Breen, at New York, New York, 1967.
Palm House at Kew Gardens, by Decimus Burton and Richard Turner, at London, England, 1844 to 1848.
Pantheon, by unknown, at Rome, Italy, 118 to 126.
Pantheon in Paris, by Jacques Germain Soufflot, at Paris, France, 1756 to 1797.
Paper Mill at Mantua, by Pier Luigi Nervi, at Mantua, Italy, 1961 to 1962.
Paris Metro Entrances, by Hector Guimard, at Paris, France, 1899 to 1905.
Paris Opera, by Charles Garnier, at Paris, France, 1857 to 1874.
Park Guell, by Antonio Gaudi, at Montana Pelada, Barcelona, Spain, 1900 to 1914.
Parson Capen House, vernacular, at Topsfield, Massachusetts, 1683.
Pazzi Chapel, by Filippo Brunelleschi, at Florence, Italy, 1429 to 1461.
Pennsylvania Academy of Art, by Frank Furness, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1871 to 1876.
Pennsylvania Station, by McKim, Mead, and White, at New York, New York, 1910.
Pennzoil Place, by Johnson/Burgee, at Houston, Texas, 1976.
The Pentagon, by George Bergstrom, at Arlington, Virginia, 1941 to 1943.
Peter Kerr House, by Pietro Belluschi, at Gearhart, Oregon, 1941.
Petronas Towers, by Cesar Pelli, at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1998.
Pfeiffer Chapel, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Lakeland, Florida, 1938.
Philips Exeter Athletics, by Kallman McKinnell & Wood, at Exeter, New Hampshire, 1965 to 1970.
Philips Pavilion, by Le Corbusier, at Brussels, Belgium, 1958.
Piazza del Campidoglio, by Michelangelo, at Rome, Italy, 1538 to ~ 1650.
Piazza del Campo, by unknown, at Siena, Italy, plaza.
Piazza di Spagna, by Alessandro Specchi, at Rome, Italy, 1721 to 1725.
Piazza Navona, by Bernini, at Rome, Italy, 1600′s.
Piazza of San Marco, by unknown, at Venice, Italy, courtyard, open space.
Piazza of St. Peter’s, by Bernini, at Vatican City, surrounded by Rome, Italy, 1656 to 1667.
Pilgrimage Church, by Gottfried Bohm, at Neviges, Germany, 1962.
Pinecote Pavilion, by Fay Jones, at Picayune, Mississippi, 1985.
Plum Street Temple, by James K. Wilson, at Cincinnati, Ohio, 1866.
Police Headquarters, by Hack Kampmann, at Copenhagen, Denmark, 1918 to 1924.
Pont Cysyllte Aqueduct, by Thomas Telford, at River Dee, Wales, 1795 to 1805.
Pont du Gard, by unknown, at Nimes, France, -15 to 14.
Poplar Forest, by Thomas Jefferson, at near Lynchburg, Virginia, 1806.
Portland Building, by Michael Graves, at Portland, Oregon, 1980.
Portland Museum of Art, by Henry N. Cobb, at Portland, Maine, 1978 to 1982.
Post Office Savings Bank, by Otto Wagner, at Vienna, Austria, 1904 to 1912.
Portois & Fix Store, by Max Fabiani, at Vienna, Austria, 1899 to 1900.
Positano.
Potala Palace, by unknown, at Lhasa, Tibet, 1642 to 1650.
Power Center, by Roche-Dinkeloo, at Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1965 to 1971.
Price Residence, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Paradise Valley, Arizona, 1954.
Price Tower, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Bartlesville, Oklahoma, 1952 to 1956.
PSFS Building, by Howe and Lescaze, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1929 to 1932.
Putterman House, by Hugh Newell Jacobsen, at Central Pennsylvania, 1980.
Pyramide du Louvre, by I. M. Pei, at Paris, France, 1989.

Qansuh al-Ghuri, by unknown, at Cairo, Egypt, 1504.
Queens’ College Cambridge, by unknown, at Cambridge, England, 1448.
Queen’s College Oxford, by unknown, at Oxford, England, 1340.

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R. T. Paine House, by Henry Hobson Richardson, at Waltham, Massachusetts, 1884 to 1886.
Rait Castle, by unknown, at near Nairn, Scotland, UK, 1300.
Redentore Church, by Andrea Palladio, at Venice, Italy, 1576 to 1591.
Reichstag, by Paul Wallot, Norman Foster, at Berlin, Germany, 1884 to 1999.
Reliance Building, by Daniel Burnham, at Chicago, Illinois, 1890, extended to 14 floors 1894.
Republic Newspaper Building, by Myron Goldsmith/ SOM, at Columbus, Indiana, 1971.
Residence in Riva San Vitale, by Mario Botta, at Riva San Vitale, Switzerland, 1972 to 1973.
Residence in Cadenazzo, by Mario Botta, at Cadenazzo, Switzerland, 1970 to 1971.
Reuchlinhaus Library, by Manfred Lehmbruck, at Reuchlinhaus, Pforzheim, Germany, 1961.
Rhode Island State Capitol, by McKim, Mead, and White, at Providence, Rhode Island, 1895 to 1903.
Richard Daley Center, by C. F. Murphy Associates, at Chicago, Illinois, 1965.
Richards Medical Center, by Louis I. Kahn, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1957 to 1961.
Riola Parish Church, by Alvar Aalto, at Riola, Italy, 1975 to 1978.
Robie Residence, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Chicago, Illinois, 1909.
Robson Square, by Arthur C. Erickson, at Vancouver, British Columbia, 1980.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, by I. M. Pei, at Cleveland, Ohio, 1998.
Rockefeller Center, by Raymond Hood, at New York, New York, 1932 to 1940.
Rokko Housing One, by Tadao Ando, at Rokko Kobe, Japan, 1983.
Roman Colosseum, by unknown, at Rome, Italy, 70 to 82.
Rose Walk, by Bernard Maybeck, at Berkeley, California, 1912.
Rose Center for Earth and Space, by James Stewart Polshek, at New York, New York, 2000.
Rosenbaum House, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Florence, Alabama, 1939.
Rothbury Winery, by Keith Cottier, at Pokolbin, New South Wales, 1972.
Rotterdam Central Library, by Bakema and Weeber, at Rotterdam, The Netherlands, public library.
Rue Franklin Apartments, by Auguste Perret, at Paris, France, 1902 to 1904.
Rue de Meaux Housing, by Renzo Piano, at Paris, France, 1989 to 1991.
Rufer House, by Adolf Loos, at Vienna, Austria, 1922.
Rusakov Club, by Konstantin Melnikov, at Moscow, Russia, 1927 to 1929.

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S. Andrea, by Leon Battista Alberti, at Mantua, Italy, 1470 to 1476.
S. Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane, by Frencesco Borromini, at Rome, Italy, 1638 to 1641.
S. Ivo della Sapienza, by Frencesco Borromini, at Rome, Italy, 1642 to 1650.
S. Maria degli Angeli, by Filippo Brunelleschi, at Florence, Italy, 1434 to 1437.
S. Maria Della Pace, by Donato Bramante, at Rome, Italy, 1478 to 1483.
S. Maria Novella, by Leon Battista Alberti, at Florence, Italy, 1456 to 1470.
S. Pancras Station, by William Henry Barlow, at London, England, U. K., 1864 – 1868.
Sagrada Familia, by Antonio Gaudi, at Barcelona, Spain, 1882 to 1926.
Sainsbury Centre, by Norman Foster, at Norwich, England, 1977.
Saint Paul’s Cathedral, by Sir Christopher Wren, at London, England, 1675 to 1710.
Salginatobel Bridge, by Robert Maillart, at near Schiers, Switzerland, 1929 to 1930.
Salisbury Cathedral, by unknown, at Salisbury, England, 1220 to 1258.
Salisbury School, by Hardy-Holzman-Pfeiffer, at Salisbury, Maryland, 1972 to 1977.
Salk Institute, by Louis I. Kahn, at La Jolla, California, 1959 to 1966.
Saltbox House, vernacular, at New England, USA, 1800 ‘s.
San Francisco de Asis, by unknown, at Ranchos de Taos, New Mexico, 1772 to 1816.
SFMOMA, by Mario Botta, at San Francisco, California, 1995.
San Giorgio Maggiore, by Andrea Palladio, at Venice, Italy, 1560 to 1580.
San Lorenzo, Florence, by Filippo Brunelleschi, at Florence, Italy, 1421 to 1440.
San Lorenzo, Turin, by Guarino Guarini, at Turin, Italy, 1666 to 1679.
San Lorenzo Maggiore, by unknown, at Milan, Italy, 480.
San Maria della Consolazione, by Cola da Caprarola, at Todi, Italy, 1508.
San Marta Church, by Constanzo Michela, at Todi, Italy, 1508.
San Miguel, by unknown, at Escalada, near Leon, Spain, 913.
San Sebastiano, by Leon Battista Alberti, at Mantua, Italy, 1459.
San Simeon, by Julia Morgan, at San Simeon, California, 1922 to 1939.
San Stefano Rotondo, by unknown, at Rome, Italy, 468 to 483.
San Vitale, by unknown, at Ravenna, Italy, 526 to 547.
San Zeno Maggiore, by unknown, at Verona, Italy, 1120 to 1138.
Sangath, by Balkrishna Doshi, at Ahmedabad, Gujarat State, India, 1979 to 1981.
Sant’Andrea al Quirinale, by Bernini, at Rome, Italy, 1658 to 1665.
Santa Costanza, by unknown, at Rome, Italy, 350.
Saynatsalo Town Hall, by Alvar Aalto, at Saynatsalo, Finland, 1949 competition, built 1952.
Schauspielhaus, by Karl Friedrich Schinkel, at Berlin, Germany, 1821.
Schlesinger & Meyer Department Store, by Louis H. Sullivan, at Chicago, Illinois, 1899 to 1904.
Schlumberger Centre, by Michael Hopkins, at Madingly Road, Cambridge, England, 1979 to 1981.
Schminke House, by Hans Scharoun, at Lobau, Germany, 1933.
Schocken Department Store, by Erich Mendelsohn, at Stuttgart, Germany, 1926.
School in Morbio Inferiore, by Mario Botta, at Italy, 1972 to 1977.
Schroder House, by Gerrit Rietveld, at Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1924 to 1925.
Sea Ranch Condominium, by MLTW, at Sea Ranch, California, 1964 to 1965.
Seagram Building, by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, at New York, New York, 1954 to 1958.
Sears Tower, by Bruce Graham/ SOM, at Chicago, Illinois, 1974 to 1976.
Seaside, by Duany and Plater-Zyberk, at Seaside, Florida, 1984 to 1991.
Seattle Public Library, by Rem Koolhaas, at Seattle, Washington, United States, 2004.
Segovia Cathedral, by Juan Gil de Hontanon, at Segovia, Spain, 1522 to 1577.
Seinajoki Library, by Alvar Aalto, at Seinajoki, Finland, 1963 to 1965.
Seinajoki Town Hall, by Alvar Aalto, at Seinajoki, Finland, 1962 to 1965.
Segovia Cathedral, by Juan Gil de Hontanon, at Segovia, Spain, 1522 to 1577.
Seville Cathedral, by unknown, at Seville, Spain, 1402 to 1520.
Sezession House, by J. M. Olbrich, at Vienna, Austria, 1896.
Sforza Chapel, by Michelangelo, at Rome, Italy, 1558.
Shaker Barn, by unknown, at Eastern United States, 1865.
Shamberg Residence, by Richard Meier, at Chappaqua, New York, 1972 to 1974.
Shodan House, by Le Corbusier, at Ahmedabad, India, 1956.
Shore Temple, by unknown, at India, 750.
Shotgun House, vernacular, at New Orleans, Louisiana, and across the southeastern U.S., 1800′s to 1900′s.
Shukosha Building, by Arata Isozaki, at Fukuoka, Japan, 1974 to 1975.
Sidney Myer Music Bowl, by Yunken Freeman, at Melbourne, Australia, 1957.
Silver Lake Lodge, by Joseph Esherick, at Deer Valley, Utah, 1982.
Simonas Petras Monastery, vernacular, at Mount Athos, Greece, collective housing, monastery.
Sindone Chapel, by Guarino Guarini, at Turin, Italy, 1667 to 1690.
Ski Town Flaine, by Marcel Breuer, at Flaine, Switzerland, 1960 to 1980.
Small Olympic Arena, by Kenzo Tange, at Tokyo, Japan, 1961 to 1964.
Smith House, by Richard Meier, at Darien, Connecticut, 1965 to 1967.
Soane Museum, by Sir John Soane, at London, England, 1812 to 1834.
Social Security Offices, by Sedad Eldem, at Istanbul, Turkey, 1962 to 1964.
Sogestsu Art Center, by Kenzo Tange, at Tokyo, Japan, 1955 to 1957.
Soholm Housing Estate, by Arne Jacobsen, at Klampenborg, Gentofte, Denmark, 1946 to 1950.
Solar Telescope, by Myron Goldsmith/ SOM, at Kitt Peak, Arizona, 1962.
Solomon’s Temple, by unknown, at Jerusalem, Israel, -1000.
Somerset House, by William Chambers, at London, England, 1776 to 1786.
Spangen Quarter Housing, by Michiel Brinkman, at Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 1919 to 1921.
Sri Lanka Parliament, by Geoffrey Bawa, at Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1977 to 1980.
St. Andrews Dormitory, by James Stirling, at St. Andrews, Scotland, 1964.
St. Antoine Hospital Kitchen, by Henry Ciriani, at Paris, France, 1983 to 1985.
St. Antonius Church, by Justus Dahinden, at Wildegg, Switzerland, 1966 to 1969.
St. Clement Danes, by Sir Christopher Wren, at Strand, London, England, 1680.
St. Front at Perigueux, by unknown, at Perigueux, France, circa 1100.
St. George-in-the-East, by Nicholas Hawksmoor, at Wapping, Stepney, England, 1714 to 1729.
St. James, by Sir Christopher Wren, at Picadilly, London, England, 1674 to 1687.
St. John’s Abbey, by Marcel Breuer, at Collegeville, Minnesota, 1953 to 1961.
St. John Nepomuk Church, by Jan Blazej Santini-Aichel, at Munich, Germany, 1719 to 1720.
St. Leopold am Steinhof, by Otto Wagner, at Vienna, Austria, 1905 to 1907.
St. Louis des Invalides, by Jules Hardouin Mansart, at Paris, France, 1676 to 1691.
St. Maria di Carignano, by Galeazzo Alessi, at Genoa, Italy, 1552 to 1603.
St. Mark’s, by unknown, at Venice, Italy, circa 1050.
St. Martin-in-the-Fields, by James Gibbs, at Strand, London, England, 1722 to 1726.
St. Mary Le Bow, by Sir Christopher Wren, at Cheapside, London, England, 1670 to 1683.
St. Mary-le-Strand, by James Gibbs, at Strand, London, England, 1714 to 1717.
St. Mary Woolnoth, by Nicholas Hawksmoor, at London, England, 1716 to 1724.
St. Mary’s Cathedral, by Benjamin Henry Latrobe, at Baltimore, Maryland, 1814 to 1818.
Saint Mary’s Cathedral, San Francisco, by Pier Luigi Nervi, at San Francisco, California, 1971.
St. Mary’s Cathedral, Tokyo, by Kenzo Tange, at Tokyo, Japan, 1963.
St. Nicholas Cole Abbey, by Sir Christopher Wren, at London, England, 1671 to 1681.
St. Paul’s Church, by Louis H. Sullivan, at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1910 to 1914.
St. Peter’s of Rome, by Giacomo della Porta, at Vatican City, surrounded by Rome, Italy, 1546 to 1564 and 1590.
St. Stephen’s Walbrook, by Sir Christopher Wren, at London, England, UK, 1672 to 1687.
Stadelhofen Railway Station, by Santiago Calatrava, at Zurich, Switzerland, 1983 to 1984.
Stadium of Domitian, by Domitian, at Rome, Italy, 92.
Stansted Airport, by Norman Foster, at London, England, UK, 1991.
Stari Most, by Mimar Hajruddin, at Mostar, Bosnia, 1566.
Starkey House, by Marcel Breuer, at Duluth, Minnesota, 1955.
Statue of Liberty, by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, at Liberty Island, New York, 1884 to 1886.
Ste.-Foy at Conques, by unknown, at Conques, France, 1050 to 1120.
Steiner House, by Adolf Loos, at Vienna, Austria, 1910.
Stoa of Attalus, by unknown, at Athens, Greece, -150.
Stockholm Exhibition, 1930, by Erik Gunnar Asplund, at Stockholm, Sweden, 1930.
Stockholm Library, by Erik Gunnar Asplund, at Stockholm, Sweden, 1918 to 1927.
Stoclet Palace, by Josef Hoffmann, at Brussels, or Bruxelles, Belgium, 1905 to 1911.
Stonehenge, by unknown, at Salisbury, England, -2750 to -1500.
Storer Residence, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Los Angeles, California, 1923.
Stourhead Garden, by Henry Hoare II & Henry Flitcroft, at Stourton, England, 1741 to 1765.
Stratford Hall, by unknown, at Westmoreland County, Virginia, 1725 to 1730.
Street in Siena, by unknown, at Siena, Italy, 1100 to 1300.
Student Center, Wellesley, by Donald Gellespie, at Wellesley, Massachusetts, 1969.
Sultan Hassan Mosque, by unknown, at Cairo, Egypt, 1356 to 1363.
Surkhej, by Muhammad Shah, at near Ahmedabad, Gujerat, India, 1446 to 1451.
Suleyman Mosque, by Sinan, at Istanbul, Turkey, 1551 to 1558.
“Swiss Re”, 30 St Mary Axe, by Norman Foster, at London, England, UK, 2000 to 2004.
Sydney Football Stadium, by Philip Cox, Richardson and Taylor, at Sydney, Australia, 1986 to 1988.
Sydney Maritime Museum, by Philip Cox, Richardson and Taylor, at Darling Harbor, Sydney, Australia, 1986 to 1988.
Sydney Opera House, by Jorn Utzon, at Sydney, Australia, 1957 to 1973.

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Taihe Dian, by unknown, at Beijing, The Forbidden City, China, 1627.
Taipei 101, by C. Y. Lee & Partners, at Taipei 101, Taiwan, 2003 to 2004.
Taj Mahal, by Emperor Shah Jahan, at Agra, India, 1630 to 1653.
Tak Sang Monastery, vernacular, at Bhutan, collective housing, monastery.
Taliesin, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Spring Green, Wisconsin, 1911 and 1925.
Taliesin West, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Scottsdale, Arizona, 1937 onward.
Taos Pueblo, by collective, at New Mexico, 1500 ‘s and later.
Tassel House, by Victor Horta, at Brussels, Belgium, 1892 to 1893.
Tateshina Planetarium, by Kisho Kurokawa, at Hiroshima City, Japan, 1976.
Team Disney Building, by Arata Isozaki, at near Orlando, Florida, 1989 to 1990.
Teatro Guaíra, by Rubens Meister, at Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, 1952 to 1974.
Teatro Olimpico, by Andrea Palladio, at Vicenza, Italy, 1584.
Tempietto of San Pietro, by Donato Bramante, at Montorio, Rome, Italy, 1502.
Temple at Luxor, by Amenophis III, at Luxor, Thebes, Egypt, -1408 to -1300.
Temple at Tarxien, Malta, by unknown, at Tarxien, Malta, -2100 to -1900.
Temple Meads Station, by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, at Bristol, England, UK, 1840 (circa).
Temple of Amon, by unknown, at Karnak, Egypt, -1530 to -323.
Temple of Apollo, by Ictinus, at Bassae, Greece, -420 to -410.
Temple of Apollo (2nd), by Paeonis and Daphnis, at Didyma, near Miletus, Turkey, -310.
Temple of Artemis, by Paeonius and Demetrios, at Ephesus, Turkey, -340 to -250.
Temple of Athena Nike, by Callicrates, at Athens, Greece, -427.
Temple of Bacchus, by unknown, at Baalbek, Lebanon, 150.
Temple of Hephaestus, by unknown, at Athens, Greece, -449.
Temple of Horus, by unknown, at Edfu, Egypt, -237 to -57.
Temple of Isis, by various, at Philae, Egypt, -500 to 164.
Temple of Kom Ombo, by unknown, at Egypt, -181 to 30.
Temple of Venus and Rome, by Hadrian, at Rome, Italy, 123 to 135.
Temple of the Scottish Rite, by John Russell Pope, at Washington, D.C., 1910.
Temples of Paestum, by unknown, at Paestum, near Naples, Italy, -530 to -460.
Tendering Hall, by Sir John Soane, at near Suffolk, England, 1784 to 1790.
Teotihuacan, by unknown, at Teotihuacan, Mexico, 200 to 800.
Tepee, by vernacular, at North America.
The Albert Dock, by Jesse Hartley, at Liverpool, England, opened 1845.
The Alcazar, by unknown, at Segovia, near Madrid, Spain, 1000 or 1410 to 1455.
The Alhambra, by unknown, at Granada, Spain, 1338 to 1390.
The Ark, by Ralph Erskine, at London, England, UK, 1990.
The Atheneum, by Richard Meier, at New Harmony, Indiana, 1975 to 1979.
The British Museum, by Sir Robert Smirke, at London, England, 1823 to 1847.
The Cannery, by Joseph Esherick, at San Francisco, California, 1968.
The Escorial, by Juan Bautista de Toledo, Juan de Herrera, at near Madrid, Spain, 1562 to 1584.
The Hermitage, by EHDD, at San Francisco, California, 1984.
The Hoodo, by Fujiwara Yorimichi, at Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, consecrated 1053.
The Library, Escorial, by unknown, at near Madrid, Spain, 1567.
The Louvre, by Pierre Lescot, at Paris, France, 1546 to 1878.
The Machine Hall, by Contamin and Dutert, at Paris, France, 1889.
The Mound Stand, by Michael Hopkins, at St. John’s Wood, London, England, 1985 to 1987.
The Orchard, by Charles F. A. Voysey, at Chorley Wood in Hertfordshire, England, 1899.
The Palatine Chapel, by unknown, at Aachen, Germany, 796 to 814.
The Palladian Bridge, by Henry Herbert, at Buckinghamshire, England, 1735 – 1737.
The Parthenon, by Ictinus and Callicrates with Phidias, at Athens, Greece, -477 to -438.
The Queen’s House, by Inigo Jones, at Greenwich, England, 1616 to 1635.
The Red House, by Philip Webb, at Bexleyheath, in Kent, England, 1859.
The Roman Forum, by collective, at Rome, Italy, -100 to 300.
The Royal Crescent, by John Wood, at Bath, England, 1767 to 1775.
The Salutation, by Edwin Lutyens, at Sandwich, Kent, England, 1911.
The Selimiye, by Sinan, at Edirne, Turkey, begun 1569.
The White House, by James Hoban, at Washington, D.C., 1793 to 1801, burned 1814, porticos 1824 to 1829.
The Willow Tea Rooms, by Charles Rennie Mackintosh, at Glasgow, Scotland, 1902 to 1904.
Theater at Besancon, by Claude Nicholas Ledoux, at Besancon, France, 1775.
Theater at Epidauros, by Polykleitos, at Epidauros, or Epidhavros, Greece, ~ -300.
Thermae of Caracalla, by unknown, at Rome, Italy, 212 to 216.
Thomas Larkin House, by unknown, at Monterey, California, 1834.
Thorncrown Chapel, by Fay Jones, at Eureka Springs, Arkansas, 1980.
Tikal, by unknown, at Tikal, Guatemala, 200 to 800.
Timberline Lodge, by A. E. Doyle, at Mount Hood, Oregon, 1936 to 1938.
Tokyo City Hall, by Kenzo Tange, at Tokyo, Japan, 1991.
Tokyo International Forum, by Rafael Vinoly, at Tokyo, Japan, 1989 to 1996.
Tomb of Caecilia Metella, by unknown, at Rome, Italy, -25.
Tombs at Tarquinia, by unknown, at Tarquinia, now Corneto, Italy, -600.
Torre Velasca, by Belgiojoso, Peressutti and Rogers, at Milan, Italy, 1957 to 1960.
Torii of Itsukushima, Japanese traditional, Miyajima Island, Japan.
Tower Bridge, by Horace Jones, at London, England, 1886 to 1894.
Tower House of Yemen, vernacular, at Yemen, Middle East, house.
Tower of London, by unknown, at London, England, 1070 to 1090.
Town Hall Hilversum, by Willem Marinus Dudok, at Hilversum, The Netherlands, 1928 to 1931; designed 1924.
Tract House, vernacular, at United States, 1950 to 1994.
Transamerica Pyramid, by William L. Pereira & Associates, at San Francisco, California, 1969 to 1972.
Travis Van Buren House, by Bruce Price, at Tuxedo Park, New York, 1885.
Treasury of Atreus, by unknown, at Mycenae, Greece, -1200.
Tredyffrin Public Library, by Romaldo Giurgola, at Strafford, Pennsylvania, 1976.
Trenton Bath House, by Louis I. Kahn, at Trenton, New Jersey, 1954 to 1959.
Trinity Church, by Henry Hobson Richardson, at Boston, Massachusetts, 1872 to 1877.
Trubek House, by Robert Venturi, at Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, 1972.
Trulli Houses, vernacular, at Alberobello, Italy, houses.
Tucker House, by Robert Venturi, at Mount Kisco, New York, 1975.
Tugendhat House, by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, at Brno, Czech Republic, 1930.
Turku Cemetery Chapel, by Erik Bryggman, at Turku, Finland, 1939 to 1941.
Turun Sanomat Building, by Alvar Aalto, at Turku, Finland, 1927 to 1929.
Tuscan Farmhouse, vernacular, at Tuscany, Italy, house.
TWA at New York, by Eero Saarinen, at New York, New York, 1956 to 1962.

Top — A I B I C I D I E I F I G I H I I-J I K I L I M I N I O I P I Q I R I S I T I U I V I W I Y I Z

U. N. Plaza, by Roche-Dinkeloo, at New York, New York, 1969 to 1975.
U.S. Custom House, by Town and Davis, at New York, New York, 1833 to 1842.
US Pavilion at Expo ’67, by Shoji Sadao & Buckminster Fuller, at Montreal, Canada, 1967.
U.S. Supreme Court, by Cass Gilbert, at Washington, D.C., 1935.
UA Terminal, O’Hare, by Helmut Jahn, at Chicago, Illinois, 1985 to 1988.
UCSB Faculty Club, by Moore and Turnbull/ MLTW, at Santa Barbara, California, 1969.
UNAM Library, by Juan O’Gorman, at Mexico City, Mexico, 1953.
Underground Court House, vernacular, at China, underground house.
Unitarian Church, by A. C. Schweinfurth, at Berkeley, California, 1898.
Unitarian Meeting House, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Madison, Wisconsin, 1947 to 1951.
Unite d’Habitation, by Le Corbusier, at Marseilles, France, 1946 to 1952.
United Nations Headquarters, by Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, et al. at New York, New York, finished 1953.
United States Capitol, by Thornton-Latrobe-Bulfinch, at Washington, D.C., 1793 to 1830.
Unity Temple, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Oak Park, Illinois, 1906.
University Art Center, by Louis I. Kahn, at New Haven, Connecticut, 1951 to 1954.
University Art Museum, by Mario J. Ciampi, at Berkeley, California, 1971.
University Club, by McKim, Mead, and White, at New York, New York, 1900.
University of Virginia, by Thomas Jefferson, at Charlottesville, Virginia, 1826.
Urner Boden, by traditional, at Urner Boden, Switzerland, town.
USSR Pavilion at Paris, by Konstantin Melnikov, at Paris, France, 1925.
Uxmal, by unknown, at Uxmal, Mexico, 800 to 1400.

Top — A I B I C I D I E I F I G I H I I-J I K I L I M I N I O I P I Q I R I S I T I U I V I W I Y I Z

Van Nelle Factory, by Johannes Brinkman, at Rotterdam, Netherlands, 1926 to 1930.
Vanna Venturi House, by Robert Venturi, at Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1962.
Venice Beach House, by Frank Gehry, at Venice, California, 1986.
Chateau de Versailles, at Versailles, France, 1661 to 1774.
Vierzehnheiligen, by Johann Balthasar Neumann, at near Bamberg, Germany, 1743 to 1772.
Vietnam Veterans Memorial, by Maya Lin, at Washington, D.C., 1982.
Viipuri Library, by Alvar Aalto, at Vyborg, USSR, 1927 to 1935.
Viking Fortress, by unknown, at Trelleborg, Sweden, 1000.
Villa at Huis ter Heide, by Robert van’t Hoff, at near Utrecht, the Netherlands, 1916.
Villa Aldobrandini, by Giacomo Della Porta, at Frascati, Italy, 1598 to 1603.
Villa Capra, by Andrea Palladio, at Vicenza, Italy, 1566 to 1571.
Villa Carre, by Alvar Aalto, at Bazoches-sur-Guyonne, France, 1956 to 1959.
Villa Farnese, by Giacomo Vignola, at Caprarola, near Viterbo, Italy, 1560.
Villa Foscari, by Andrea Palladio, at Malcontenta, Italy, 1549 to 1563.
Villa in Djursholmen, by Erik Gunnar Asplund, at Djursholm, near Stockholm, Sweden, 1917 to 1918.
Villa Mairea, by Alvar Aalto, at Noormaku, Finland, 1937 to 1939.
Villa Savoye, by Le Corbusier, at Poissy, France, 1928 to 1929.
Villa Stein, by Le Corbusier, at Garches, France, 1927.
Villa Trissino, by Andrea Palladio, at Vicenza, Italy, 1576.
Vitra Design Museum, by Frank Gehry, at Weil-am-Rhein, Germany, 1990.

Top — A I B I C I D I E I F I G I H I I-J I K I L I M I N I O I P I Q I R I S I T I U I V I W I Y I Z

W. E. Martin House, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Oak Park, Illinois, 1903.
W. E. Oliver House, by Rudolf N. Schindler, at Los Angeles, California, 1934.
W. G. Low House, by McKim, Mead, and White, at Bristol, Rhode Island, 1887.
W. Watts Sherman House, by Henry Hobson Richardson, at Newport, Rhode Island, 1874 to 1875.
Wainwright Building, by Louis H. Sullivan, at St. Louis, Missouri, 1890 to 1891.
Waldspirale, by Friedensreich Hundertwassser, at Darmstadt, Germany, circa 1990 to 2000.
Walker Guest House, by Paul Rudolph, at Sanibel Island, Florida, 1952.
Walker Residence, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Carmel, California, 1948.
Walls of Carcassonne, by unknown, at Carcassonne, France, circa 1150.
Ward Willits House, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Highland Park, Illinois, 1902.
Washington Monument, by Robert Mills, at Washington, D.C., 1848 to 1885.
Watts Towers, by Simon Rodia, at Los Angeles, California, 1921 to 1955.
Weekend house by Corbu, by Le Corbusier, at suburb of Paris, France, 1935.
Weisman Art Museum, by Frank Gehry, at Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1993.
Weissenhof Apartments, by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, at Stuttgart, Germany, 1927.
Weissenhof Row Houses, by J. J. P. Oud, at Stuttgart, Germany, 1927.
Wells Cathedral, by unknown, at Wells, England, 1180 to 1425.
Wells College Library, by Walter Netsch/ SOM, at Aurora, New York, 1968.
Werkbund Theater, by Henry van de Velde, at Cologne, Germany, 1914.
Westminster Abbey, by unknown, at London, England, 1042 to circa 1400.
Westminster Hall, by unknown, at London, England, 1397 to 1399.
Westminster Palace, or Houses of Parliament, by Sir Charles Barry, at London, 1836 to 1868.
Wexner Center, by Peter Eisenman, at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 1983 to 1989.
Weyerhaeuser Headquarters, by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, at near Tacoma, Washington, 1971.
Wheels of Heaven Church, by Aldo van Eyck, at 1966, church.
Whitechapel Art Gallery, by C. Harrison Townsend, at London, England, 1897 to 1901.
Whitney Museum, by Marcel Breuer, at New York, New York, 1966.
Wies Pilgrimage Church, by Johan and Dominikus Zimmerman, at Wies, near Munich, Germany, 1754.
Wingspread, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Wind Point, Wisconsin, 1937.
Winn Memorial Library, by Henry Hobson Richardson, at Woburn, Massachusetts, 1876 to 1879.
Wolfsburg Cultural Center, by Alvar Aalto, at Wolfsburg, Germany, 1958 to 1962.
Wollaton Hall, by Robert Smythson, at Nottinghamshire, England, 1580 to 1588.
Woodland Chapel, by Erik Gunnar Asplund, at Stockholm, Sweden, 1918 to 1920.
Woodland Crematorium, by Erik Gunnar Asplund, at Stockholm, Sweden, 1935 to 1940.
Woolworth Building, by Cass Gilbert, at New York, New York, 1910 to 1913.
Worker’s Club, by Alvar Aalto, at Jyvaskyla, Finland, 1924.
World Trade Center, by Minoru Yamasaki, at New York, New York, 1970 to 1977.
Wyntoon, by Julia Morgan, near Mount Shasta, California, 1924 to 1943.

Top — A I B I C I D I E I F I G I H I I-J I K I L I M I N I O I P I Q I R I S I T I U I V I W I Y I Z

Yaama Mosque, by Falke Barmou, at Tahoua, Niger, 1962 to 1982.
Yale Center for British Art, by Louis I. Kahn, at New Haven, Connecticut, 1969 to 1974.
Yamamoto International Building, by Hiroshi Hara, at Tokyo, Japan, 1987.
Yano House, by Arata Isozaki, at Kawasaki, Japan, 1975.
Yurt, vernacular, at Mongolia, Central Asia, nomadic house.

Zamioski House, by Hugh Newell Jacobsen, at Eastern Shore, Maryland, 1983.
Zimmerman House, by Frank Lloyd Wright, at Manchester, New Hampshire, 1950.
Zoser’s Necropolis, by Imhotep, at Egypt, -2760.
Zulu Kraal, by traditional, at South Africa, 0 to 1990.
Zuyev Club, by I. P. Golosov, at Moscow, Russia, 1928.

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High Rise Fire Operations

High-rise fires cause quarter billion dollars of property damage a year
  

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is reporting that in 2005-2009, there were an average of 15,700 reported structure fires in high-rise buildings per year with an associated $235 million in direct property damage.

The report, “High-Rise Building Fires,” (PDF, 499 KB) cites apartments, hotels, offices, and facilities that care for sick as accounting for roughly half of all high-rise fires. Structure fires in these four property classes resulted in $99 million in direct property damage per year.

There is a downward trend in high-rise fires. In the last few decades, a range of special provisions have migrated into the codes and standards for tall buildings.

Other findings from the report:

• In 2005-2009, high-rise fires claimed the lives of 53 civilians and injured 546 others, per year.
• The risks of fire, fire death, and direct property damage due to fire tend to be lower in high-rise buildings than in shorter buildings of the same property use.
• An estimated three percent of all 2005-2009 reported structure fires were in high-rise buildings.
• Usage of wet pipe sprinklers and fire detection equipment is higher in high-rise buildings than in other buildings of the same property use.Most high-rise building fires begin on floors no higher than the 6th story.  The risk of a fire is greater on the lower floors for apartments, hotels and motels, and facilities that care for the sick, but greater on the upper floors for office buildings.

 In 2005-2009, an estimated 15,700 reported high-rise structure fires per year resulted in associated losses of 53 civilian deaths, 546 civilian injuries, and $235 million in direct property damage per year. An estimated 2.6% of all 2005-2009 reported structure fires were in high-rise buildings.

The trends in high-rise fires and associated losses (inflation-adjusted for property damage) are clearly down, but the sharp post-1998 reduction appears to be mostly due to the change to NFIRS Version 5.0, which is shifting estimates to lower levels that also appear to be more accurate.

Four property classes account for roughly half of high-rise fires: apartments, hotels, facilities that care for the sick, and offices. In 2005-2009, in these four property classes combined, there were 7,800 reported high-rise structure fires per year and associated losses of 30 civilian deaths, 352 civilian injuries, and $99 million in direct property damage per year. The property damage average is inflated by the influence of one 2008 hotel fire, whose $100 million loss projected to nearly $40 million a year in the analysis.

The report emphasizes these four property classes.

Some other property uses – such as stores and restaurants – may represent only a single floor in a tall building primarily devoted to other uses. Some property uses – such as grain elevators and factories – can be as tall as a high-rise building but without a large number of separate floors or stories.

• For these reasons, the four property use groups listed above define most of the buildings we think of as high-rise buildings, and their fires come closest to defining what we think of as the high-rise building fire problem.
• By most measures of loss, the risks of fire and of associated fire loss are lower in highrise buildings than in other buildings of the same property loss.
• This statement applies to risk of fire, civilian fire deaths, civilian fire injuries, and direct property damage due to fire, relative to housing units, for apartments, and risk of fire for hotels, offices, and facilities that care for the sick.

The usage of wet pipe sprinklers and fire detection equipment is higher in high-rise buildings than in other buildings, for each property use group. Even so, considering the extensive requirements in NFPA 101®, Life Safety Code, for fire and life safety features in both new and existing high-rise buildings, it seems clear that there are still major gaps, particularly in adoption and enforcement of the provisions requiring retrofit of automatic sprinkler systems and other life safety systems in existing high-rise buildings. NFPA 1®,Fire Code, has sprinkler retrofit requirements.

This has implications for public officials and ordinary citizens in any city. Public officials should make sure that the latest editions of NFPA 1®, Fire Code, and NFPA 101®, Life Safety Code, are in place and that the codes they have are supported by effective code enforcement provisions, including plan review and inspection processes, both for new construction and for continued supervision of code compliance in existing buildings.

The public can take responsibility for their own safety by insisting that their public officials take these steps. As in so many areas of fire safety, we know what to do, but we still need to do it.

The trend had been toward a smaller share of fires being reported each year as occurring in buildings with fire-resistive construction, both for high-rise and other buildings, with the decline being most dramatic in facilities that care for the sick.

• This statistical decline could reflect any or all of the following:
• (a) a shift in construction between the two types permitted by codes, from Type I (442 or 332) construction, which is coded as fire-resistive, to Type II (222) construction, which is coded as protected non-combustible;
• (b) a shift to acceptable alternative designs using more sprinklers and less fire-resistive construction; or
• (c) enough success in containing fires that a rising fraction never are reported to fire departments, because the fires are caught and controlled so early by occupants.

 Most high-rise building fires begin on floors no higher than the 6th story. The fraction of 2005-

2009 high-rise fires that began on the 7th floor or higher was 32% for apartments, 22% for hotels and motels, 21% for facilities that care for the sick, and 39% for office buildings. The risk of a fire start is greater on the lower floors for apartments, hotels and motels, and facilities that care for the sick, but greater on the upper floors for office buildings.

• High-rise apartments have a slightly larger share of their fires originating in means of egress than do their shorter counterparts (4% vs. 3%).
• The same is true of hotels (7% vs. 5%) and facilities that care for the sick (6% vs. 4%).
• In offices (4% vs. 6%), the differences in percentages are in the opposite direction, which means that high-rise buildings in those properties have a smaller share of their fires originating in means of egress.
• In all four property classes, the differences are so small that one can say there is no evidence that high-rise buildings have a bigger problem with fires starting in means of egress.

• More information on Solomon’s session and the conference can be found at www.nfpa.org/FLSCONF.
• NFPA Report Download, HERE

New Sensor System Tracks Firefighters Where GPS Fails

Firefighter Ray Hodgson hits the talk button on his walkie-talkie: “I have fire showing, possibility of a rescue on the third floor. Engine 35, initiate a rescue group. Also back him up with a hose line.”

A fire has been set in a three story building at the Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute, where firefighters hone their skills and test equipment. In this case they’re testing a device they hope will save firefighters’ lives. Everyone taking part in the drill knows how difficult and dangerous it is to locate a missing firefighter in a smoky inferno.

“When you go into a burning building, you don’t really see anything. You can’t see your hand in front of your face; you’re going on instincts. It’s almost a surreal experience,” says Matt Leonard, a firefighter in the District of Columbia and a deputy chief in Prince George’s County, Md.

“We’ve had instances where we’ve lost firefighters in a building and had a hard time finding them. It’s very frustrating,” says Hodgeson, a firefighter for 44 years. He knows firsthand the sinking feeling of hearing the dreaded words that one of his colleagues is missing. That’s why this team of experienced firefighters is taking time to test out a new type of sensor that can track their whereabouts deep inside buildings, where standard GPS units often don’t work.

“This has been a need for a long time,” says Carol Politi, CEO of TRX Systems, the company developing the sensor. “Sept. 11 was widely publicized and there was not even an understanding of whether certain firefighters were actually in the buildings at the time of that tragedy.”

With support from the National Science Foundation (NSF), electrical engineer Politi and her team at TRX Systems are developing a portable device called the Sentrix Tracking Unit. It straps on like a belt and consists of a suite of sensors. “The sensors include accelerometers and gyroscopes. Those are sensors similar to what you have in your Wii for example–pressure sensors ranging sensors. It allows us to create a picture of what a user has done,” says Politi.

“The sensors monitor the movement of the user,” explains Ben Funk, vice president of Engineering at TRX. “So when the user moves forward or backwards, left or right, it determines how far a person moved in each direction.”

During the fire drill the sensors create a map of the building as the firefighters move through the smoke.

“Twenty-eight-nineteen, we have a mayday on the third floor from the rescue group,” Hodgson relays. “Initiate a search.”

During the demonstration, Hodgson assumes the role as incident commander as the others move through the burning building in teams of two. One of the firefighters, outfitted with a sensor, crawls through the smoke and purposely gets lost. The Sentrix Tracking Unit maps his location at every twist and turn, sending the data to a nearby base station–in this case, the incident commander’s laptop. The system can transmit via a variety of different radio-waves to accommodate different receivers.

“The tracker advises they’re on the back Delta Charlie quadrant in the back bedroom,” says Hodgson into his walkie-talkie.

In minutes the firefighter is located by a member of his team.

2010 Fire Series

U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) issued the 2010 Fire Estimate Summary Series which presents basic information on the size and status of the fire problem in the United States as depicted through data collected in USFA’s National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS). The data summary series was developed by USFA’s National Fire Data Center and is further evidence of FEMA’s commitment to sharing information with the American public, fire departments, and first responders around the country to help them keep their communities safe.

Direct Links to the USFA:

• http://www.usfa.fema.gov/media/press/2011releases/120511.shtm
• http://www.usfa.fema.gov/statistics/estimates/index.shtm

Information from the USFA web site, HERE

U.S. Fire Administration Fire Estimates

Fire Estimate Summaries present basic data on the size and status of the fire problem in the United States as depicted through data collected in the U.S. Fire Administration’s (USFA’s) National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS). Each Fire Estimate Summary addresses the size of the specific fire or fire-related issue and highlights important trends in the data.¹

Residential Building Estimates

Definition of Residential Building

A structure is a constructed item of which a building is one type.

The term residential structure commonly refers to buildings where people live. To coincide with this concept, the definition of a residential structure fire includes only those fires confined to an enclosed building or fixed portable or mobile structure with a residential property use.

Such fires are referred to as residential buildings to distinguish these buildings from other structures on residential properties that may include fences, sheds, and other uninhabitable structures.

Fire Estimate Summaries of Residential Building Fire Trends and Causes (2010)

Residential Building Fires (2006-2010)

Residential Building National Estimates (2003-2010)

Nonresidential Building Estimates

Definition of Nonresidential Building
Nonresidential buildings are a subset of nonresidential structures and refer to buildings on nonresidential properties. Buildings include enclosed structures, subway terminals, underground buildings, and fixed portable or mobile structures.

• The term nonresidential buildings refers to those nonresidential structures that are enclosed.
• Nonresidential buildings include assembly, eating and drinking establishments, educational facilities, stores, offices, basic industry, manufacturing, storage, detached garages, outside properties, and other nonpermanent residential buildings.
• The term nonresidential also includes institutional properties such as prisons, nursing homes, juvenile care facilities, and hospitals, though many people may reside there for short (or long) durations of time.

Fire Estimate Summaries of Nonresidential Building Fire Trends and Causes (2010)

Nonresidential Building Fires (2006-2010)

Nonresidential Building National Estimates (2003-2010)

¹ Fire Estimate Summaries are based on the USFA’s national estimates methodology. The USFA is committed to providing the best and most current information on the United States’ fire problem and, as a result, continually examines its data and methodology. Because of this commitment, changes to data collection strategies and estimate methodologies occur, causing estimates to change slightly over time. Previous estimates on specific issues (or similar issues) may have been a result of different methodologies or data definitions used and may not be directly comparable to current estimates.

Related Topics

• National Fire Protection Association Estimates
• USFA Residential and Nonresidential Fire Estimate Summaries, 2003-2009 (ZIP, 3.8 Mb – This archive contains files in PDF and XLSX formats.)
• USFA Residential and Nonresidential Fire Estimate Summaries, 2003-2008 (ZIP, 3.8 Mb – This archive contains files in PDF and XLSX formats.)

Links of Interest

• National Fire Protection Association
• World Fire Statistics Centre
• National Center for Health Statistics
• National Center for Injury Prevention and Control

Click charts below to enlarge.

Residential Building Fire Trends: Fires & Deaths

Residential Building Fire Trends: Injuries & Dollar Loss

Residential Building Fires: Causes Of Fires & Deaths

Residential Building Fires: Causes Of Injuries & Dollar Loss

Nonresidential Building Fire Trends: Fires & Deaths

Nonresidential Building Fire Trends: Injuries & Dollar Loss

Nonresidential Building Fires: Causes Of Fires & Dollar Loss